1. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS ETSI de Telecomunicación INGLÉS

2. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS AUXILIARY VERB (three criteria) 1. It “helps” other verbs 2. It only provides grammatical (as opposed to “lexical”) information: number, grammatical person, tense, aspect, voice 3. It doesn’t need “to do” for the negative and the interrogative

3. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS PRIMARY VERBS: TO BE (alone, with present participle, with past participle, with full infinitive) TO HAVE (alone, with past participle, with full infinitive) TO DO (operator, emphatic) Primary VERBS BEDOHAVE

4. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS TO BE: Alone = Auxiliary (second and third criteria) e.g.: The students were (weren’t) in class + Present Participle: Continuous tenses. e.g.: The students are working in the lab + Past Participle: Passive voice. e.g. The exam was taken by the students + Full infinitive (“bare infinitive” without “to”): Obligation and presupposition. e.g.: The class is to begin at six

5. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS -ING forms: GERUND (verbal noun) e.g.: Working is hard PRESENT PARTICIPLE (verbal adjective) e.g.: The hard-working man BUT: Dancing bear // Dancing teacher ???? The man is working… why Pres. Part.?

6. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS TO HAVE Alone. Meanings: possession, =to take, =to eat/drink. e.g.: I have a car; I have a bath; I have breakfast Its category depends on the meaning

7. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS TO HAVE (2) + Past Participle: Perfect tenses e.g.: We have already finished (auxiliary) + Full Infinitive: External obligation e.g.: We have to finish at twelve (as opposed to internal obligation). Principal. Periphrasis + Object + Past Participle: Passive meaning. Principal. e.g.: We had the car repaired

8. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS TO DO Operator: negative and interrogative clauses. Emphatic: simple tenses e.g.: But we did finished

9. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS MODAL (DEFFECTIVE) AUXILIARIES CRITERIA: 1. Always bare infinitive 2. No –s 3rd person singular in Present 3. Always followed by bare infinitive 4. Always auxiliary (no operator for the negative and questions) They lack certain tenses

10. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS MODAL AUXILIARIES: CAN MAY MUST SHOULD MARGINAL MODALS: OUGHT TO, NEEDN’T (NEED), DARE, USED TO (Br. Eng.)

11. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS CAN Semantic values: Ability, capacity, possibility, permission. e.g.: We can deal with the matter. Realization forms: CAN (present), COULD (past and conditional) For the tenses it lacks: TO BE ABLE + Full Infinitive (periphrastic form: mixed periphrasis) BUT TO BE ABLE in Simple Present and Past: “To obtain, manage to do something after a lot of effort or overcoming a lot of difficulties”

12. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS MAY Semantic values: probability, permission e.g.: We may finish now. Realization forms: MAY (present), MIGHT (past and conditional) MIGHT: Remote probability MIGHT (remote, near impossibility) MAY / COULD (50% probability) CAN (possibility, near certainty)

13. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS MUST Semantic values: Internal obligation Realization forms: MUST for Present and Past For the tenses MUST lacks: TO HAVE + Full Inf. MUSTN’T: No semantic coincidence affirmative – negative. PROHIBITION How to express absence of obligation?

14. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS Absence of obligation: NEEDN’T e.g.: You needn’t bring the books You don’t need the books You mustn’t bring the books You don’t have to bring the books

15. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS SHOULD = OUGHT TO Advice, suggestion in the conditional e.g.: You should (ought to) bring the books. OUGHT TO is a marginal modal because it fulfils all the characteristics of modal verbs, except one: it is followed by the Full Infinitive. Others, like DARE, are only used in certain fixed expressions; or, like USED TO, only in certain varieties and registers.

16. AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS A brief historical comment on SHALL and WILL: Modal values of auxiliary forms for the future. SHALL I DO IT FOR YOU? WILL YOU OPEN THE WINDOW?