1. GEO317 – South Asia Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Clouds form over the Western Ghats

2. Two Major Geographic Qualities Monsoon climates Mega-cities

3. Size and Latitude Comparison

4. Population size

5. South Asia – Monsoons What forces cause monsoons in South Asia?

6. Mumbai, India Bangladesh Waiting for rain in Maharashtra, India Monsoons “To know India and her people, one has to know the monsoon.” Source of life found in the seasonal reversal of winds Rural, intensive, subsistence agriculture http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=9peDRk O-TLchttp://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=9peDRk O-TLc Bangladesh

7. Upper atmosphere At the surface Latitude and Insolation Latitude determines insolation; why?

8. Axial tilt What does tilt mean? Tilted in relationship to what? Tilt of axis modifies insolation Tilt + revolution = seasons

9. Hadley cells What force creates them? ITCZ Solar equator Rotation shapes wind direction

10. Seasonality Migration of ITCZ = seasonal precipitation Helpful video clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9hawBb3wbk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9hawBb3wbk ITCZ

11. Differential Heating of Land and Water Like on the beach http://www.class zone.com/books/ earth_science/ter c/content/visualiz ations/es1903/es1 903page01.cfmhttp://www.class zone.com/books/ earth_science/ter c/content/visualiz ations/es1903/es1 903page01.cfm On a continental scale, intensifies Hadley effect and ITCZ movement

12. Topography DeBlij and Muller, Geography…, 2004 Rainshadow Orographic precipitation

13. Monsoon Dynamics

14. Monsoon Asia

15. African “Monsoon”

16. Australian “Monsoon”

17. South American “Monsoon”

18. Mega-Cities Of the top eleven most populous cities in the world, South Asia is home to four. Projections South Asia 30% urban; but 500 million in cities Dhaka population 1947 = 250,000 –http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=MoMifNO4w6shttp://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=MoMifNO4w6s –http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=wbvmsfOCm_Ihttp://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=wbvmsfOCm_I Mumbai: –http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=zKmp1sZPMUkhttp://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=zKmp1sZPMUk RankCityPopulation 2009 Population 2025 1Tokyo37 million37 2Delhi/New Delhi, India 2229 3Sao Paulo, Brazil 2022 4Mumbai, India 2026 5Mexico City1921 6New York1921 7Shanghai1620 8Kolkata, India 1520 9Dhaka, Bangladesh 1421 10Buenos Aires 1314 11Karachi, Pakistan 1319

19. Dharavi, Mumbai, India “Slumdog Millionaire” http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=_6uAYuYi2mk&feature= fvw http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=_6uAYuYi2mk&feature= fvw Dharavi small businesses generate $500 million/year Urbanization = shrinking population Why move here? What hope in a slum? Population Pressure or Productivity? Malthus or Boserup? Call center, Bangalore

20. Benefits of urbanization Economic activity in urban areas accounts for as much as 80% of GDP –“A metropolitan economy, if it’s working well, is constantly transforming many poor people into middle-class people, many illiterates into skilled people, many greenhorns into competent citizens. Cities don’t lure the middle class. They create it.” ~Jane Jacobs All countries have highest productivity where “economic density” is highest. –Resource or manufacturing districts –Cities and towns Why does urbanization increase wealth? –External economies of scale Urbanization economies - share pool of educated, young workers; financial services; division of labor = increase productivity Localization or agglomeration - share ideas for innovation; shared infrastructure costs; suppliers of raw materials; shared transportation services –Larger markets attract more customers –Attraction of capital –Success spills over to nearby areas Accessing economic density means moving closer to it (rural to urban migration).

21. Scale economies – benefits

22. Land Use Planning Principles Why have land use planning or zoning? –Organization of chaos, sanitation/health, safety/police protection, efficient use of shared space, develop infrastructure, aesthetics, social harmony In South Asia: how to deal with influx of millions of new residents? Indian Ministry of Housing document on planning: –“To avoid haphazard urban sprawl… [create] compact, transit-oriented, walk-to-work, bicycle-friendly land use” –Strategic densification: “creating agglomeration economies and generating resources for financing infrastructure” –Develop new cities along existing highways, satellite cities around major cities, while improving transportation capacity –Establish a system of Guaranteed Land Title Act to fix unclear land records and title system. Optional courses: GEO414 Principles and Methods of Planning, GEO415 Urban Land Use Planning, GEO416 Environmental Issues in Planning Jobs in Planning!