4. School Purposes Studies of Learners Suggestions from Subject Specialists Studies of Contempo- rary Life Use of Psycho- logy of Learning Use of Philosophy

5. PerennialismEssentialismProgressivismRoconstructionism Aim of Education To educate the rational person ; To cultivate the intellect To promote the intellectual growth of the individual and educate a competent person To promote democratic and social living To improve and reconstruct society education for change Role of Education Teachers help students think with reason The teacher is the sole authority in his or her subject area or field of specializa- tion Knowledge leads to growth and development of lifelong learners who actively learn by doing Teachers act as agents of change and reform in various educational projects including research.

6. PerennialismEssentialismProgressivismReconstructionism Focus in the curriculum Classical subjects, literary analysis and curriculum is constant Essentials skills of the 3R’s and essential subjects of English, Science, History, Math, And Foreign Language Subjects are interdiscipli- nary, integrative and interactive. Curriculum is focused on students interest, human problems and affairs Focus on present and future trends and issues of national and international interests Curriculum Trends Use of great books and return to liberal arts Excellence in education, back to basics and cultural literacy School reforms, relevant and contextualized Curriculum, humanistic education Equality of educational opportunities in education, access to global education.

7. Philosophical Foundations of Education The most remarkable thing about philosophy…is that the questions raised never seem to get answered.

8. - The most significant philosophy…most of the world’s religions are based on idealism - Idealism as idea-ism - Plato—the Academy opened in 397 B.C., believed that material things are of little consequence…the everyday world of things and objects is a shadowy copy of the true idea which the soul carries within itself from heaven, reason is rooted in a spiritual soul - No discipline problems, because the teacher knows the content well, likes to teach, and knows the students - The idealist philosophy views the school as representing the community Idealism

9. Idealist philosophers - Plato, Descartes, Kant, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hegel, Schopenhauer - Students are encouraged to stretch themselves through higher-level thinking to become truth seekers - The teacher will devote considerable time and energy to the one who goes astray

10. Realism - Objects exist regardless of how we perceive them - Focuses on the scientific method and personal experience - The crux of realism is science— empirical, objective, and experimental…with precise measurements

11. Realist philosophers - Aristotle, Comenius, Pestalozzi, Herbart, Montessori, Hobbes, Bacon, Locke - Thomas Jefferson and Horace Mann embraced realism - Accountability in the schools is an outgrowth of realism

12. Existentialism - Focuses on the individual - Not a logical theory, but one that can be felt as an attitude or mood - Awareness, anxiety, choice take on special meaning - Revolt against the traditional philosophical stance - A way of life which involves one’s total self in complete seriousness about the self

13. Existentialist philosophers - Kierkegaard, Sartre, Nietzsche - Kierkegaard—themes of passionate choice, absolute freedom, total responsibility - Life must be understood backward, but lived forward - The theory focuses on value questions