1. Earth and Its Moon

2. Movement of the Earth in Space A.The Earth’s Rotation: the turning of the Earth on it’s axis. * axis – the imaginary line from the North Pole through the center of the Earth to the South Pole. 1. Day and Night on Planet Earth a. Earth rotates once on it’s axis every 24 hours.

4. Movement of earth in Space cont. b. The amount of time the Earth takes to complete one rotation is called a DAY. c. Rotation of the Earth results in two 12 hour sequences from sunrise to sunset, and sunset to sunrise = 1 day. d. Earth rotates in a counter clockwise (west to east).

5. What is the speed of the Earth's rotation? At the equator, the circumference of the Earth is 40,070 kilometers, and the day is 24 hours long so the speed is 1670 kilometers/hour ( 1070 miles/hr). This decreases by the cosine of your latitude so that at a latitude of 45 degrees, cos(45) =.707 and the speed is.707 x 1670 = 1180 kilometers/hr. You can use this formula to find the speed of rotation at any latitude.

6. Movements of Earth in Space cont. e. Sun rises in the East and sets in the West (as the Earth turns toward the sun). f. Earth rotates West to East 15 degrees every hour (360* in 24 hours). 2. Throughout the year the length of day and night changes because the Earth’s axis is not straight up and down but tilted at an angle of 23 ½ *.

7. Movement of Earth in Space cont. B. Time Zones 1. A standard time zone is a longitudinal belt 15* wide. 2. The time from one zone to the next is different by one hour. ex. New York 3 hours “ahead” of Grants Pass 3. International Dateline is the 180* longitude. (if you cross the line going west you add a day)

8. Movements of Earth in Space cont. C. Year: the Earth’s Revolution – the time it takes the Earth to travel (orbit) around the sun one time. 1. About 365.26 day = 1 revolution 2. Leap day Feb. 29 th makes up for that ¼ every four years.

9. Movements of Earth in Space cont. D. Seasons on Earth 1. The different seasons on Earth are caused by the tilt of the Earth’s axis because different parts if the Earth face the sun more directly at different times of the year. a. spring b. summer c. winter d. fall

10. The Earth's climate is different from season to season. We have seasons because the Earth is tilted as it moves around the sun. The part of the Earth tilted toward the sun is have summer. The part tilted away from the sun is having winter.

12. Movements of Earth in Space 2. Summer Solstice a. When the sun reaches it’s highest point in the sky, the North Pole is pointed 23 ½ * toward the sun. b. The longest day of the year in the Northern hemisphere and the shortest day in the southern hemisphere. c. June 20 or 21 3. Winter Solstice a. The North Pole is tilted 23 ½ * away from the sun. b. The shortest day of the year in the northern hemisphere and the longest day of the year in the southern hemisphere. c. December 21 or 22 4. Equinox (spring/ fall)

16. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite A.The Moon: the Earth’s nearest neighbor in space. 1. The moon moves in a monthly revolution about the Earth. 2. Gravitational attraction keeps the moon in orbit around the Earth. 3. Moonlight is actually sunlight reflected off the moon. The diameter of the Earth is 12,756 km while the moon is 3,476 km

18. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite 4. Distance from Earth = 400,000 km. B. Phases of the Moon 1. The revolution (trip around the Earth) of the moon causes the moon to APPEAR to change shape in the sky. 2. The moon goes through all it’s phases every 27days plus 7hours + 3. The moon reflects sunlight toward the Earth.

20. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite 4. The phase of the moon you see depends on where the moon is in relation to the sun and the Earth. a. New Moon – when the moon comes between the sun and the Earth. * the side of the moon facing the Earth is in darkness. * the moon is NOT visible

22. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite b. Waxing [getting larger] Crescent – after the new moon * crescent shaped * thin sliver c. 1 st Quarter – after the waxing crescent * half of side of the moon can be seen * before the full moon 1 st Quarter

23. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite d. Waxing Gibbous – after the 1 st Quarter * almost all of one side of the moon is seen. before the full moon e. Full Moon – after the Waxing Gibbous * all ONE side is seen. * The moon is positioned on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun.

24. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite After the full moon, the moon goes through the same phases in reverse. f. Waning [getting smaller] Gibbous – after the Full Moon. * Less than all the moon is seen. g. Last Quarter – after Waning Gibbous * ½ of the front side of the moon is seen.

25. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite h. Waning Crescent – after the Last Quarter * thin sliver of moon can be seen * moon appears to be getting smaller As moon moves in orbit around the Earth more or less of the moon can be seen from Earth.

26. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite C. Eclipse: as the moon revolves around the Earth and the Earth and the moon together revolve around the sun, they sometimes block out some of the sun’s light / or “moonlight”. 1. Solar Eclipse – when the new moon comes directly between the sun and the Earth, the Solar Eclipse

27. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite sunlight is blocked from reaching the Earth. The name of the eclipse indicates which light is blocked. [solar eclipse sun light is blocked] a. Earth passes through the moon’s shadow b. occurs at least twice a year. c. Sun Moon Earth d. occurs at New Moon Annular eclipse

29. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite 2. Lunar Eclipse – when the Earth comes directly between the sun and the full moon a. Moon passes through the Earth’s shadow. b. Sometimes the moon has a glow that is reflected light from the earth – “Earthshine”. c. Sun Earth Moon d. occurs at Full Moon

30. Solar Eclipse

31. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite Reason we do not see an eclipse every month is because the tilt of the moon and the exact alignment needed for an eclipse. D. Tides: Rise and fall of the ocean’s caused by the moon’s gravitational pull on the Earth.

32. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite 1.As the moon’s gravity pulls on the Earth, it causes the oceans to bulge. a. Two bulges- one on side of the Earth facing the moon and one on the opposite side. b. each bulges causes the high tide. c. at the same time high tides occur low tides occur between the bulges (p. 160) d. 2 high tides and 2 low tides every 24 hours because the Earth rotates every 24 hours on it’s axis. e. Because the moon rises about 50 minutes later each day, the high and low tides are also 50 minutes later each day.

33. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite 2. Springtides – higher than normal high tide a. Occur when the sun and the moon are in direct line with the Earth (pull in the same direction). b. Increased sun’s gravity causes a larger ocean bulge.

34. The Moon: Earth’s Satellite 3. Neaptides – lower than normal high tide. a. when the moon is in 1 st and Last quarter the gravitational pull of the ocean is partially canceled by the sun’s gravitational pull. b. Sun and moon pull at right angles.