1. Bellwork What was the plague in Europe? Where did the plague come from and how many people died?

2. World History Section 4, Unit 8 Middle Ages pt. 3 Century in Turmoil Required Reading: Medieval Europe: Rats!

3. Objectives Identify events during the 1300s that changed the attitudes towards religion in Europe Identify how the bubonic plague and Hundred Years War tore Europe apart Explain how the Church began to lose power in Europe and how this led into the Great Schism

4. Trouble Brewing At the turn of the 1200s and 1300s, the Church was thriving. However, new ideals of political representation and disasters– both natural and manmade– caused extreme changes in the role of the Church and everyday life in medieval Europe.

5. Church Divided By the 1300s, the papacy seemed in some ways still strong. However, the Church would soon face some desperate times. Question: How involved was the Church in everyday life in Medieval Europe?

6. Church Divided One of the earliest problems for the Church came in 1300, when Pope Boniface VIII attempted to enforce the papal authority on King Philip IV of France, who had asserted his authority over French bishops. Pope Boniface VIII declared to Philip that he must obey the pope (and therefore church authority).

7. Church Divided Philip literally sneered at the pope and, in 1303, held Boniface prisoner. – Philip had planned to bring the pope to France for trial. Boniface was eventually rescued, but died a month later due to age. – Never again would the pope be able to force monarchs to obey him after this debacle.

8. Church Divided Philip IV was unable to keep Boniface captive, so instead he persuaded the College of Cardinals to choose a French archbishop– Clement V- to become pope. Clement V moved to the city of Avignon (a- vee-nyawn) in France where the papal power would remain for 67 years. How do you think the move to Avignon would affect the Church’s power?

9. Church Divided The move to Avignon badly weakened the Church. The Church attempted to solve this problem by moving the papacy back to Rome, which failed horribly when the new Pope, Gregory XI, died while visiting Rome.

10. Church Divided When Gregory died, the College of Cardinals met to select a new Pope. – They were met with a large mob who demanded a Roman pope (or at least an Italian). The cardinals chose a new Italian pope, Urban VI. – Many cardinals almost immediately regretted the choice.

11. Church Divided Urban VI proved to be arrogant and wanted to reform the Church (he also questioned the luxury of the clergy and criticized the payments they received by from kings). In response, the French cardinals elected another pope a few months later: Clement VII. Question: They just elected a new pope into the papacy. What problem might this cause?

12. Great Schism Now there were two popes (at one point, there were actually three).

13. The Great Schism Each declared the other to be a false pope and excommunicated the other. The French pope lived in Avignon and the Italian pope lived in Rome. The existence of two popes became known as the Great Schism– or division- of the Church.

14. The Great Schism Ultimately, the Great Schism ended thanks to the Holy Roman Emperor. The Emperor forced the two popes (and a third who was voted in during this time) to resign. In 1417, a new pope was chosen: Martin V. – With the election of a new pope, the schism ended.

15. Challenges to Authority While the papacy dealt with issues concerning who was pope, they also faced the criticisms of two professors. The first was an Englishman named John Wycliffe. – He argued that Jesus, not the pope, was head of the Church.

16. Challenges to Authority Wycliffe was also disgusted with the worldliness and wealth of the church. – Wycliffe believed the clergy should live a life of poverty. Aside from lifestyle criticisms, Wycliffe also argued that the Bible alone was the final authority on Christian life.

17. Challenges to Authority Wycliffe spread his ideas by promoting the English translation of the New Testament, which was only available in French or Latin a the time. Through his work, Wycliffe inspired another professor– Jan Hus of Bohemia– to promote the idea that the Bible had more authority than the pope.

18. Challenges to Authority Hus was excommunicated and- after being tried as a heretic- was burned at the stake in 1415. However, while the Church was handling issues concerning papal authority, a new problem would strike Europe– with devastating results. Question: Who were the Mongols? What did they bring with them to Europe?

19. The Black Death In Asia, the Mongols through conquest had inadvertently spread the plague into the Muslim world, where it infected millions. Through trade, European merchants arrived in Sicily with cargo carrying the disease. – Rats tended to carry fleas that were infected with the disease.

20. Black Death The disease spread from Italy and followed trade routes into France, Germany, England, and other parts of Europe. The disease became known as the “black death”, due to the blackish spots produced on the skin.

21. Black Death While catastrophes normally pulled communities together, the Black Death ripped apart the very fabric of society. One writer described the scene as such: This scourge had implanted so great a terror in the hearts of men and women that brothers abandoned brothers, uncles their nephews, sisters their brothers, and in many cases wives deserted their husbands. But even worse,… fathers and mothers refused to assist their own children. --Giovanni Boccaccio.

22. Black Death Frightened people turned to the scapegoat to blame: the Jews. Jews were blamed for bringing the plague by poisoning the wells. All over Europe, Jews were forced from their homes or massacred. Jews being burned for “causing” the plague

23. The Black Death The Black Death took around 4 years to reach almost every community in Europe. In communities infected, almost three- fourths of the people infected died. Before the Black Death finally ran it’s course, it killed 25 million in Europe, and over 39 million throughout all of Asia.

24. Effects The plague returned every so often, but never struck as severely as the first time. However, the attacks always reduced the population. The economic effects of the plague were enormous. Question: What do you think the effect of the plague was on Europe and the Church?

25. Effects Town populations and trade fell. As resources became scarce, prices rose and fewer people meant that workers were scarce as well. Many serfs had left the manor during the plague, which weakened the already fractured manor system. – Peasants began to revolt against the nobles in various areas of Europe.

26. Effects The Church lost a lot of it’s power when it’s prayers and penances failed to stop the plague. Many clergy members, overcome with fear, began to abandon their flocks during the plague. Their actions caused irreparable damage on the Church’s prestige.

27. Effects At the time, art and literature began to reflect an unusual awareness of death. As well, people began to focus more on earthly pleasures than the rewards of the afterlife– this included eating, drinking and “be[ing] merry”. – People began to realize than life was too short to not enjoy it.

28. Effects The plague disrupted medieval society and helped cause the Middle Ages to collapse. But, while the plague ravaged Europe, the issues between France and England would finally hit a head and would yet again bring Europe into chaos.

29. The Hundred Years’ War When the last Capetian king died in France, England’s Edward III claimed the French throne because he was Philip IV’s grandson. The war that Edward launched for the throne continued on and off from 1337 and 1453 and became known as the Hundred Years’ War.

30. Philip III King of France Philip IV King of France Louis X King of France (1) Philip V King of France (2) Charles IV King of France (3) Isabella Edward II King of England Charles of Valois --born in the House of Capet, created the House of Valois Philip VI King of France (1328-50) John II King of France (1350-1364) Charles V King of France (1364-1380) Charles VI King of France (1380-1422)– failed leader who gave way to the English’s successful campaigns Charles VII King of France– was disinherited from the throne initially, but ruled from 1422-1461 Edward III King of England– grandson of Philip IV Hundred Years’ War Family Tree

31. The Hundred Years’ War The war was fought almost entirely on French soil, with victory passed back and forth between England and France. After a series of important victories by England, the French and English signed a treaty that would allow Henry V of England to inherit the French crown at the death of French king Charles VI. Question: How might the French feel about losing the crown?

32. The Hundred Years’ War The French, due to the treaty, lost hope. However, in 1429, a teenage girl named Joan of Arc said she was told by God to rescue France from its English conquerors. Her goal was to give the French crown to France’s true king, Charles VII (Charles VI’s son).

33. The Hundred Years’ War Joan convinced Charles that she was sincere and in 1429 Joan led the French army into battle against an English fort. The English had been sieging the city of Orleans from this fort. The French tried to take the fort, but began to retreat. To actually reach Charles, Joan dressed as a man and trekked across English controlled territory.

34. The Hundred Years’ War As they turned, however, Joan and a few soldiers at her side charged towards the fort. The French army then followed her and broke the enemies lines, protecting Orleans in the process. After the victory, she persuaded Charles VII to take back his crown and turned the tide in favor of France.

35. The Hundred Years’ War However, despite her work, she was ultimately captured by the English who turned her over to the Church for witchcraft (claiming she heard voices). While Charles VII owed his crown to Joan, he was unable to save her. She was ultimately tried at the stake and burned to death in 1431.

36. The Hundred Years’ War Despite the death of Joan (and partially because of her), the French rallied and drove the English out of France, except for the port city of Calais. While the war cost France numerous lives, property, and vast amount of money, France’s monarchy was able to use the war to increase their power and prestige.

37. Impact The war gave both countries a sense of nationalism. People no longer felt loyal to their lords, but rather to their king and country.

38. Impact Following the Hundred Years’ War, the English suffered a period of internal turmoil known as the War of Roses, in which two noble families fought for the crown. Regardless, the war gave more power to parliament in England, due to Edward III’s constant requests for money.

39. 1453 When the Hundred Years’ War ended in 1453, many modern historians considered this to be the official end of the Middle Ages. The pillars of the medieval world– religious devotion and chivalry– crumbled.

40. End of the Middle Ages Following the Middle Ages, Europeans would suddenly become exposed to the world of knowledge lost to them following the fall of Rome. This would lead to tremendous changes in Europe that would reverberate throughout the world.

41. Video We are going to watch a video, “The Dark Ages… how dark were they really?” which covers not only Europe during this time period, but also other cultures we have discussed such as the Muslim empires and the Chinese Dynasties.“The Dark Ages… how dark were they really?”

42. Review Objectives Identify events during the 1300s that changed the attitudes towards religion in Europe Identify how the bubonic plague and Hundred Years War tore Europe apart – How did the plague affect the church? Explain how the Church began to lose power in Europe and how this led into the Great Schism When did the Middle Ages end?

43. Questions? If you have any questions, please ask now.

44. Next lesson In the next lesson, we are going to move away from Europe for a while and discuss the peoples of the Americas.

45. Review 1.How did the Black Death spread to Europe? 2.What was the effect of the plague on the following: 1) communities, 2) Jewish peoples, 3) the Church? 3.Name and explain two (2) factors that helped lead to the fall of the strength of the Church in Europe. 4.What caused the Great Schism and how was it ultimately solved? 5.What was the effect of the Hundred Years’ War on 1) the power of France’s monarchy, 2) the power of Parliament in England, and 3) the loyal ties of people in each nation? 6.What was the role of Joan of Arc in the Hundred Years’ War? What did she do? 7.When were the Middle Ages considered to be over?