1. Ecology High School Biology Class

2. What is Ecology? Ecology – study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environment.

4. The biosphere is the portion of Earth that support life. air water land Organisms are adapted to survive in the conditions of their living & non-living environments.

5. Ecosystem Terms Biotic Factors – the living factors in an organism’s environment Examples: a) animals b) plants c) fungi d) protists e) bacteria

6. Ecosystem Terms Abiotic Factors – all of the physical (non-living) aspects that belong to an organism’s environment. Examples: a) soil (mineral), water, wind (air) b) energy such as light or sound c) climate, weather, temperature

7. Levels of Organization 1.Organism (individual) 2.Population 3.Biological community 4.Ecosystem 5.Biome 6.Biosphere from simplest to most complex

9. Population- individual organisms of the same species living in the same geographic location. Example- A school of fish How do available resources affect a population? Individual organisms must compete for food, water, mates and other resources to survive.

10. Biological Community- a group of populations that interact in the same geographic area at the same time. Example: Plants & animals that live in a park Ecosystem- a biological commuinity and all the abiotic factors that affect. Biome- a large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and biological communities. All biomes form the Biosphere.

11. Ecology Terms Habitat – a place where an organism lives. Niche – the role an organism has in its environment Community - the groups of many different species that live together in a particular habitat.

12. Ecological Relationships Competition – a biological interaction that occurs when two species attempt to use the same resource. All organisms compete for resources in different ways. Example: Organisms compete for water in the desert. Plants typically have small, but very deep root systems.

13. Ecological Relationships Predation – the act of one organism consuming another organism for food. Example: cat (predator) mouse (prey)

14. Ecological Relationships Predator – the animal being the aggressor (the animal doing the hunting). Prey – the animal being the defender (the animal that is being hunted). Predator: Crocodile Prey: Turtle

15. Ecological Relationships Symbiosis – a relationship in which two organisms live together in close association. 3 Kinds 1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism 3. Parasitism

16. Ecological Relationships 1) Mutualism - a symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefit. Example: aphids and ant colonies

17. Ecological Relationships 2) Commensalism - a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. Ex. Moss growing on a tree

18. Ecological Relationships 3) Parasitism – a relationship in which one organism benefits and another organism is harmed Parasite benefits; host is hurt. Ex. Tick on a dog Tapeworm

19. Principles of Ecology Section 2- Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem

20. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Autotrophs ( primary producers)- is an organism that captures energy from sunlight or inorganic substance to produce food in an ecosystem. Heterotrophs (consumer) – is an organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.

21. Consumer Types: 1) Herbivore – feed directly on green plants. Examples: deer, cattle, turtles 2) Carnivore – feed on other animals. Examples: lions, hawks, wolves 3) Omnivore – feed on plants and animals. Examples: bears, raccoons, crayfish, humans

22. How do detritivores help an ecosystem? They decompose organic materials in an ecosystem and return the nutrients to the soil, air, and water. Ex. hyenas, vultures, fungi, bacteria What would happen to our biosphere if we didn’t have them?

23. Let’s Review- A) The primary source of energy is the sun. B) Producers are organisms that capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy. C) Consumers are organisms that consume producers or other consumers for energy. D) Decomposers are organisms that consume producers, consumers, and other decomposers for energy once they have died.

24. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Every living organism requires energy. Trophic Level - shows how energy gets transferred from organism to organism. Sun  Producer  Consumer  Decomposer

25. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Food Chain – a simple model that show how energy flows through an ecosystem.

26. Food Chains: 1 st level Producers - make their own food. 2 nd level Herbivores - eat primary producers. 3 rd level Carnivores - eat herbivores. Omnivores - eat both herbivores and carnivores. 4 th level Decomposers - eat all dead organisms.

28. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Food Web – a model that show all the possible feeding relationships in an ecosystem

30. Ecosystem Energy The energy that is stored at each trophic level is about 1/10 that of the level below it. By showing the declining amounts of energy in each of the trophic levels an ecological pyramid can be formed.

31. 90% of the available energy is used by the organism at each level, only 10% is available to the next level The number decreases at each level because less energy is available to support organisms.

33. Biomass-total mass of living matter at each trophic level. The number decreases at each level because less energy is available to support organisms.

34. Biomagnification is the sequence of processes in an ecosystem by which higher concentrations of a particular chemical, such as the pesticide DDT, are reached in organisms higher up the food chain, generally through a series of prey-predator relationships.

35. Principles of Ecology Section 3-Cycling of Matter Anything that takes up space and has mass Neither created or destroyed Cycles within any ecosystem and is reused Provides the nutrients needed for organism to function – ex. carbon, nitrogen

36. MATTER CYCLES WITHIN ECOSYSTEMS In any ecosystem, organisms obtain the matter that they need to build their organic substance from other organisms and from their surroundings. Ex. Nutrients in the green grass pass to the cow that eats the grass. The cycle continues until the last consumer dies. Detritivores return the nutrients to the cycle, and the process begins again.

37. Key Concepts  Biogeochemical cycles: the combination of processes that exchange matter through the biosphere. Water Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle

38. Lesson Objectives How do nutrients move through biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem? Why are nutrients important to living organisms? What are the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and how are they alike

39. The return of water to the surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc. = ____________________ 90% of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, & rivers. The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves (10%) = ___________________ http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/hmv1/watrshed/Etrans.htm TRANSPIRATION PRECIPITATION

40. What are the carbon and oxygen cycles? Do you remember what happens during photosynthesis? Producers change ___ into glucose and release ___. CO 2 O2O2

41. 4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE CO 2 in atmosphere CO 2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 1.In ____________ as CO 2 gas 2.In _______ as dissolved CO 2 gas 3.On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil 4.______________as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks atmosphere ocean land Underground

42. Where does CO 2 in atmosphere come from? CO 2 in atmosphere CO 2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 1.________________ 2.______________ 3._________________ 4.____________ of dead organisms Volcanic activity Human activity (burning fossil fuels) Cellular respiration Decomposition

43. WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Found in all the _____________________ of cells: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm BUILDING BLOCKS

44. WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Carbon in CO 2 provides the atoms for __________ production during __________________... the fuel that all living things depend on. http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPGhttp://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg GLUCOSEPHOTOSYNTHESIS

45. N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 NO 3 - and NO 2 - Section 3-3 NITROGEN CYCLE BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

46. WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT? Image by Riedell __________________make DNA and RNA. Nitrogen is needed to make proteins. Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm NITROGEN BASES

47. 78% of the atmosphere is made up of NITROGEN Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm BUT we _____ use the nitrogen directly from the air. N 2 gas is captured from the air by bacteria that live in water, the soil, or grow on the roots of some plants. _________________ CAN’T

48. The process of capturing and changing (“fixing”) nitrogen into a form that plants can use is called __________________. Consumers get nitrogen by eating producers or other animals that contain nitrogen. Nitrogen Fixation

49. Image from: http://www.utdallas.edu/images/departments/biology/misc/gonzalez-image.jpg and http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif modified by Riedell When animals die and decay or urinate the nitrogen returns to the soil as ammonia. Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into _____________ & _________________which plants can also use. The nitrogen we need for proteins, ATP, and nucleic acids comes from the ___________ ___________ we breathe! NITRATES (NO 3 - ) FOOD WE EAT NOT THE AIR NITRITES (NO 2 - )

50. N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 NO 3 - and NO 2 - Section 3-3 NITROGEN CYCLE BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

51. Some bacteria change nitrogen compounds into nitrogen gas that’s released into the atmosphere. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED _________________ DENITRIFICATION

52. Community Ecology

56. Primary Succession Begins in a place without any soil Sides of volcanoes Landslides Flooding Starts with the arrival of living things such as lichens that do not need soil to survive Called PIONEER SPECIES

58. http://botit.botany.wisc.e du http://www.saguaro- juniper.com/

60. Secondary Succession Begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms Occurs faster and has different pioneer species than primary succession Example: after forest fires

63. Climax Community A stable group of plants and animals that is the end result of the succession process Does not always mean big trees Grasses in prairies Cacti in deserts

64. Population Dynamics A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific area.

66. Population Distribution- can have an affect on how population is sampled, which can affect density measurement. Clumped most common because resources are usually clumped.

67. A density-independent factor is any factor in the environment that does not depend on population density like natural disasters. ex. hurricanes, oil spills What limiting factors are density independent? Recall that population density is the number of members of a population per unit.

68. A density – dependent factor is any factor in the environment that depends on population density. Ex. disease, competition, parasites, and predators.

69. What factors affect a population’s growth rate? Emigration – the number of individuals moving away from a population. Immigration – the number of individuals moving into a population.

71. Logistic Growth Populations cannot grow exponentially forever. At some point, the rapidly increasing population will strain available resources. Logistic growth occurs when the population’s growth slows or stops at the population’s carrying capacity.