1. The Age of Reformation Chapter 11 – AP European History

2. Free Response Essay #2 Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) in the 16 TH Century (2006). OR Compare & contrast the Lutheran Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the 16 th century regarding the reform of both religious doctrines and religious practices.

3. The Printing Press “Revolution” Johannes Gutenberg developed printing press mid 1400’s Outcome: books affordable & available, literacy increased, jobs Increased Communication

4. Humanist Critics of The Church Rabelais : Rabelais Condemned : forms of church corruption Condemned simony (the buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons) Erasmus : Erasmus Believed : Scriptures were a guide to life true religion was a matter of inward sincerity and pious devotion Church needed moral reforms

5. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16 th Century: 1. Urban lay people gained knowledge of the world through: Travel : trade, pilgrimages Postal System Literacy/ Books

6. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16 th Century: 2. Distrust in Authority Figures & Institutions Peasants sought social reform Prosperous guilds supported Protestant Reform ( synonymous with Political reform)

7. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16 th Century: 3. Dissatisfaction with wealth of the church 30% of land in Europe was under Church Control/ Ownership

8. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16 th Century: 4. Questionable Church Practices: Benefice System – ecclesiastical posts (Bishops, Abbots) sold to highest bidders Simony –buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons Indulgences – “Tickets to Heaven”

9. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church: 5. Governments grew tired of Church interference Church vs. State Who had authority/ Power?

10. New Spirituality & Brothers of The Common Life Modern Devotion 1. Lay members not expected to take clerical vows 2. Led Religious life of prayer 3. Preached in the Vernacular (not Latin) 4. Conducted schools, religious publications

11. Martin Luther’s Life changing experience: During a lightning storm, prayed to St. Anne Promised to enter monastery if he survived ordeal Born: 1483 Died : 1546

12. Martin Luther Education: Master of Arts Degree, 1505 Ordained as a Monk (Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustine) 1507 Doctorate in Theology, 1512

13. Indulgences – “Tickets to Heaven” 1517 -Pope Leo X revived the selling of indulgences Forgiveness of un- repented sins Proceeds were used to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

14. In Germany, John Tetzel preached the indulgences as necessary for salvation “Don’t you hear the voices of your dead relatives ?… we suffer great punishment and pain…”

15. 95 Theses October 31 st, 1517 Luther posted 95 theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany List of arguments against the selling of indulgences Copies printed & circulated

16. Martin Luther’s Beliefs: 1. Justification by Faith Alone “sola fide” Salvation by faith alone 2. The need for only Two sacraments: Baptism and the Eucharist

17. Martin Luther’s Beliefs: 3. The Bible as the only source of truth 4. No need for confession 5. “All Christians as Spiritually Equal” -No difference between clergy & laity 6. Refused authority of the Pope

18. Martin Luther’s Beliefs: 7. Clergy should be allowed to marry 8. Mass in the vernacular (local languages) 9. Good works expected- Each person should serve God in his/or her own individual calling

19. Martin Luther & Printing Press 3 Pamphlets: 1. Address To The Christian Nobility of The German Nation- urged reform 2. Babylonian Captivity of The Church – sacraments 3. Freedom of a Christian – salvation by faith alone

20. June 15,1520 Pope Leo X Condemned Luther of heresy Was ordered to recant Luther refused friends hid him for 1 year Translated New Testament into German Excommunicated Jan. 1521

21. Reformation is Embraced in Germany 1520’s-1530’s 1. Reformation Ideas spread – Printing Press 2. German Princes confiscated church lands 3. Luther appealed to nationalistic feelings in German states 4. Lutheran Faith - 1 st Protestant Church

22. Catholic Portrayal of Martin Luther Tempting Christ (1547)

23. Schmaldkaldic League 1530’s German Protestant lands formed alliance

24. German Peasants Revolt 1525-1527 Causes: Peasants interpreted “Christian Freedom” as “freedom from serfdom” Rebelled against landlords Peasants believed Luther would support their cause

25. German Peasants Revolt 1525-1527 Luther’s Response: Luther did not support revolt – “Un-Christian” Consequences: The authority of German nobility strengthened Lutheranism allied to and controlled by German nobility 70,000-100,000 died

26. Protestant Reformation : Why Germany? 1. Germany lacked political unity 2. 1521- Diet of Worms German nobility presented emperor with list 102 “oppressive church burdens & abuses”

27. The Spread of Lutheranism Became dominant religion in northern and eastern Germany. Most of southern Germany remained Catholic Lutheranism spread to northern European countries (Denmark, Scandinavia)

28. Reformation in Switzerland Lose confederacy of 13 cantons, or states Reasons for Reformation: 1. Growth of sense of nationalism 2. Desire for church reform

29. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Leader of Swiss Reformation Zurich became center of Swiss reform Swiss Civil Wars: Protestants vs. Catholics Zwingli executed

30. John Calvin (1509-1564) Leader of French Reform Pessimistic about man Wrote: The Institutes of the Christian Religion Predestination- only God could determine salvation Literal interpretation of Bible idle time led to sin No “fun” allowed! 

31. Calvinists are Called… Puritans in England Huguenots in France Presbyterians in Scotland Only “Sacraments” recognized are: Baptism & Eucharist

32. John Calvin Established City of Geneva (Switzerland)- “City of Saints” 1555 Geneva became home to exiled Protestants Model Christian Community – outlawed dancing, playing cards, attending the theatre Theocracy Women’s rights: laws against spousal abuse Church attendance mandatory

33. “Radical” Protestant Groups 1. Anabaptists (re-baptize): rejected infant baptism, insisted on adult baptism Precursors of modern day Mennonites, Amish Advocated complete separation of church & state

34. “Radical” Protestant Groups 2. Spiritualists: Isolated Had disdain for institutionalized religion Only religious authority was the Spirit of God 3. Antitrinitarians: opposed Calvinist belief of predestination Rejected the Doctrine of the Trinity

35. The Reformation Did Not Work in Italy Because: 1. The Pope was in Rome 2. Church was source of wealth for Italy 3. Italian Renaissance made Italy Prosperous 4. Germany had more liberal universities

36. The Peace of Augsburg ( Germany, 1555) Ruler of a land will determine the land’s religion "Cuius regio eius religio ". established after the Protestant princes of the Schmalkaldic League went to war against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. Made the division of Christendom permanent

37. The Religious “Situation”, 1560

38. Protestant Reformation In Tudor England Henry VIII (Tudor Dynasty) separated from Catholic Church… But not for religious reasons

39. Six Wives of Henry VIII 1. Catherine of Aragon (Divorced) 1 st Husband Arthur (Henry’s brother) Arthur died within 6 months of marriage 2 nd Husband: Henry VIII (1509) Married for 20 years 1 child: Mary I

40. Six Wives of Henry VIII Henry wanted a divorce! No sons! Pope’s Response: NO! The Act of Supremacy (1534) Henry declared himself head of church & state

41. Henry VIII Established Anglican Church, or Church of England Confiscated church lands, destroyed monasteries had to be Anglican to hold government job in England until the 19 th century!

42. Six Wives of Henry VIII 2. Anne Boleyn (be- headed) Catherine’s Lady in Waiting Marriage lasted: 3 years (1533-1536) 1 child: Elizabeth I Accused of treason Be-headed 1536

43. Six Wives of Henry VIII 3. Jane Seymour (died) Married Henry days after Anne’s execution! Henry’s “One true love” Marriage lasted: 1 year (1536-1537) Child: Edward VI Died in childbirth

44. Six Wives of Henry VIII 4. Anne of Cleaves (divorced) German Princess Married her sight unseen “I like her not!” Marriage lasted: 3 months Marriage annulled

45. Six Wives of Henry VIII 5. Catherine Howard (be-headed) Cousin of Anne Boleyn! She was 16, Henry was 49 Marriage lasted: 17 months (1541-1542) Accused of adultery, treason Be-headed 1542

46. Six Wives of Henry VIII 6. Katherine Parr (Survived) Married twice before Older (30’s) Henry Died 1547 Wrote books about Protestant faith Patron of English Protestant Reformers

47. Martin Luther vs. King Henry VIII Embraced Protestantism for different reasons However, both rejected Papal authority Both believed in strenghthening the authority of nobles

48. Henry VIII’S Children 1. Edward VI Became King @ age 10 John Dudley took over legal guardianship (trouble began) Died of tuberculosis at age 16

49. Henry VIII’S Children Edward VI Laws: 1. Act of Uniformity (1549) : Book of Common Prayer, images and altars removed from churches 2. Second Act of Uniformity (1552): Revised Book of Common Prayer : Justification by faith, holy scripture, recognizes 2 sacraments (Baptism, Eucharist) 3. Declared his sisters illegitimate & ineligible for the throne !

50. Henry VIII’S Children Edward declared his cousin Lady Jane Grey heir to the throne (16) She was forced to marry John Dudley’s son… Ruled as Queen of England for 9 days! The “Nine Days Queen”

51. Henry VIII’S Children 2. Mary I 1 st female ruler of England Arrested Jane, and had her be-headed Ruled for 5 years Married King Phillip II OF Spain Restored Catholicism Nickname: “Bloody Mary” – murdered Protestants Died of natural causes

52. Henry VIII’S Children 3. Elizabeth I Ruled for 45 years! (R.1558-1603) Tolerant Protestant Built Navy/Army Good Foreign diplomacy Encouraged England’s Cultural revival

53. Henry VIII’S Children (Elizabeth) Conflict with King Phillip II Of Spain 1588 England DEFEATED the Spanish Armada Most powerful navy in Europe Turning point: England emerged as naval & commercial power

54. Henry VIII’S Children (Elizabeth) “Elizabethan Era” a great cultural period She encouraged the arts, Shakespeare & Globe theatre

55. Queen Elizabeth I vs. Queen Isabella of Spain Queen Elizabeth I England Protestant tolerant “Politique” – Creating unity mattered more than religion Wanted to avoid wars of religion Queen Isabella of Spain Catholic Not tolerant “One King, One Law, One Faith” Revived the inquisition, persecuted Muslim Moors, Jews, and other “heretics”

56. Elizabeth I Never Married She was “Mother” English People were her “Children” Died 1603 James I Inherited the throne Established Jamestown 1607 Son of Mary Queen of Scotts (liz’s cousin) Who was beheaded for planning a plot to kill Elizabeth…

57. Catholic Reformation AKA: “Counter Reformation” in response to Protestant Reformation

58. Council of Trent (1545-1563) Series of meetings spread over 18 years Location: Trent, Italy 1545-1547 1551-1552 1562-1563

59. Important Reforms: 1. Selling of church offices/indulgences prohibited 2. Authority of Local Bishops Strengthened 3. Seminary Requirement

60. Important Reforms: 4. 7 Sacraments re- affirmed 5. Clerical Celibacy re-affirmed 6. Veneration of Saints, relics, images re-affirmed

61. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Spanish Soldier Cannon strikes his leg in battle 1521 Received last sacraments… But survived

62. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Spanish Soldier hurt in battle - painful 9 month recovery Read about lives of Saints Decided to join monastery and become “ Soldier of Christ”

63. Ignatius of Loyola Wrote: Spiritual Exercises- a month long program of prayers, meditations, contemplative practiceS “As in all the following Spiritual Exercises, we use acts of the intellect in reasoning, and acts of the will in movements of the feelings: let us remark that, in the acts of the will, when we are speaking vocally or mentally with God our Lord, or with His Saints, greater reverence is required on our part than when we are using the intellect in understanding. “

64. Ignatius of Loyola Established Jesuit order, or Society of Jesus in the 1530’s Known for Missionary work all over world Stressed Moral Self- Discipline & Education

65. St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) At 17 knew she wanted to enter the convent Father refused Ran away & entered Carmelite Monastery in 1535

66. Teresa of Avila Established the Order of the Discalced Carmelites Wrote: Way of Perfection Growth in prayer allows for a deeper relationship with God

67. Concept of “Interior Castle” Teresa envisioned the soul as “…a castle made of a single diamond... in which there are many rooms, just as in Heaven there are many mansions."

68. Baroque Art (1500’s-1700’s) Originally established by Catholic Church Meant to be : 1. Doctrinally Correct 2. Visually & Emotionally Appealing 3. Dramatic

69. Characteristics of Baroque Art 1. Dramatic use of light and dark (tenebrism) 2. Subject matter focused on dramatic moments 3. Portrayal of Everyday People who are not idealized 4. Buildings featuring grandiose scale and ornate decorations

70. Baroque Art Baroque art & architecture promoted Catholic Church Doctrine Developed in Rome

71. Gian Lorenzo Bernini Credited with inventing Baroque style Originally sculptor “Theatrical” works of art for churches, palaces, architectural projects  altarpiece

72. Bernini’s -The Ecstasy of St. Theresa (1645-1652)

73. Bernini – Baldachino (Inside St. Peter’s Basilica)

74. Michelangelo de Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew (1599-1600)

75. Artemisia Gentileschi- Judith Slaying Holofernes (1612-1613)

76. Francesco Borromini (died 1667) Sculptor & architect “Space” as a means of motion & expression

77. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) Famous for altarpieces And… “history paintings”- mostly biblical  The Crucifiction

78. Peter Paul Rubens

79. Catholic Counter Reformation: 1. Greater Clarity in Regards to Doctrine 2. New Orders established – good works, Missionary work 3. Spread of ideas & philosophy in writing 4. Greater importance placed on communion 5. The Emergence of Baroque art