1. South Africa
Part I:

2. South Africa
17th century-the Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa
19th century-Gold and diamonds were discovered in the region.
The British and Dutch fought for control of these valuable resources.

3. Dutch Settling in South Africa

4. Apartheid
By the early 20th century, the British military gained control of South Africa.
South Africans were not allowed to vote under British rule- beginning of apartheid.
Apartheid means “separateness” in Afrikaans, the language of the descendants of the Dutch settlers known as Afrikaaners.
Many Europeans grew wealthy and powerful while millions of South Africans suffered.

5. Apartheid It was part of South African law until 1993.
During apartheid, South Africans were legally classified by the color of their skin.
The racial classifications were: white, black, Asian, and colored (mixed race).
The majority of South Africans were classified as black.

6. Apartheid
Apartheid was a system of legally enforced racial segregation in South Africa between 1948 and 1990.
The National Party that controlled the government formalized and expanded segregationist policies that had existed less formally under colonial rule.
Institutionalized racism stripped South African blacks of their civil and political rights and instituted segregated education, health care, and all other public services, only providing inferior standards for blacks and other non-Afrikaans.

7. What is Apartheid? Means “apart-ness” in Afrikaans8
Means “apart-ness” in Afrikaans
Definition- a policy of Segregation and political/economic discrimination against non-Europeans in South Africa
Apartheid’s roots go as far back as 1652
It was designed in 1917 by Jan Smuts, the Africaner Prime Minister of South Africa
It was legalized in 1948

8. Complexities of Apartheid8
Complexities of Apartheid
Afrikaner Men
English Men
Afrikaner Women
English Women
Other Europeans/ honorary Whites
Asians
Coloureds (people of mixed racial heritage)
Africans
Apartheid was more than just race
Gender
Strict Hierarchy
Only White men could vote & own Property
Systematic Disadvantage
Men were always in a higher position.
Honorary white- from Japan, etc
Only white men could own property or vote.
Only white men could do anything.
Come to house; look at you- skin color, hair texture, eye color-classify you into one of the groups. Families were split. People went to different colleges, schools. Opportunities available to you.

9. Social Grouping
In 1948 (right after the end of WWII), the South African government grouped people into 3 groups:
Black
Native Africans
White
European descendants
Coloured
Mixed race people and Asians

10. Apartheid
Non-whites had separate schools, hospitals, beaches, and libraries; they couldn’t share drinking fountains or restrooms.
The services and buildings for whites were much better than those for everyone else.
During apartheid, white people in South Africa lived in conditions that were better than those found anywhere else in Africa.

11. Apartheid They were forced to move to homelands and could not vote.
Homelands were poor, crowded areas far away from cities.
Homelands often did not have water or electricity.
Even though these areas were named “homelands,” most black South Africans had never actually lived there before.

12. Apartheid - townships
During the Apartheid Era blacks were evicted from properties that were designated "white only" and forced to move into townships. Legislation that enabled the Apartheid government to do this included the Group Areas Act.

13. Typical Homestead

15. Typical Squatter’s Camp

19. “Coloured”

20. Grand Laws of Apartheid
THE POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT—grouped every South African into a particular “race” (white, Indian, Coloured, and Black). Only whites could vote. Those lower down on the list had fewer rights.
THE MIXED MARRIAGES ACT—made it a crime for any marriage to take place between whites and any other “racial” group. Only 75 marriages between blacks and whites had been recorded before Apartheid began.
THE IMMORALITY ACT—made it a crime for any sexual act to be committed between a white person and any other “racial” group. Between , 24,000 people were prosecuted for this crime.
THE GROUP AREAS ACT—divided South Africa into different areas where the different “race” groups could live. Of the 3.5 million people who had to leave their homes because of this act, only 2% were white.
THE PASS LAWS—made it mandatory for blacks to carry pass books at all times, which allowed them to have permission to be in a white area for a limited amount of time. Without their pass, they were arrested

22. Human Rights Violation
South Africa used these 3 categories to give out benefits.
It officially denied most blacks of decent housing, education, and health facilities.
This policy is called apartheid.
How does apartheid compare to segregation in America?
Why is this considered a human rights violation?

23. So, what happened?
Armed movements fought apartheid for the next 45 years.
International community opposed apartheid too.
South Africa became isolated from the rest of the world, but apartheid continued on.
Isolation made life very hard for the people of South Africa.

24. Life for Africans during Apartheid8
Extreme poverty and unemployment
Urbanization & Townships
Gangs and Violence
Shanties-conditions are bad. Tensions are bad in urban areas.

30. Sharpeville Uprising

31. Man with Passbook

32. Rodden Island Prison

33. Checking Passbook

34. Soweto Uprising

35. Funeral and Protest

36. Separate Bathroom Facilities

37. The Struggle Against Apartheid9
The Struggle Against Apartheid
Riots
The Sharpeville Massacre (1960)
The Rise of the ANC
                                                                      
People tired of Apartheid: People were separated by wall; armed guards.
Influential group- African national congress- headed by Mandela; political party
ANC people go to police station and we do not have our passes; go ahead and arrest us. National Army called in. 70 people killed. 18,000 people imprisoned after the massacre. Government statement that if you try to resist, you will be imprisoned.
Sharpeville Massacre- (kind of like to Salt March, except it was violent-many were massacred and jailed. The government was not outnumbered this time. 69 black people were killed.
Prior to Sharpville, ANC was peaceful.
The ANC was formed to work for equality in the country of South Africa.

38. Sharpeville

39. 1960-A large group of blacks in the town of Sharpeville refused to carry their passes. 69 people die and 187 are wounded. The African political organizations, the ANC and the Pan-African Congress, are banned.
THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS:
ADOPTED ON DECEMBER 10, 1948 BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS AS GUIDELINES FOR HOW HUMAN BEINGS SHOULD BE TREATED ALL OVER THE WORLD
1962-The United Nations establishes the Special Committee Against Apartheid to support a political process of peaceful change, based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Nelson Mandela, head of the African National Congress is jailed for the third time. He expected the death penalty and so he gave a four hour long speech, saying what he thought would be his last words to the African community. He was sentenced to life in prison, first on Robben Island, doing intense labor. He then spent 27 years in Pollsmoor Prison, where he was placed in solitary confinement.
1970-Resistance to Apartheid increases. The all-black South African Students Organization, under the leadership of Stephen Biko, helps unify students through the Black Consciousness movement.

40. Soweto Uprising
1976-Government decided school would be taught in Afrikaan.
Protesting to be taught in English.
Organize was a peaceful march.
Killed students.
International community started to take notice.
Apartheid begins to feel pressure.
1980-Government decided school would be taught in Afrikans. Protesting to be taught in English. Organize peaceful march. Killed students.
Soweto uprising (1973)- Wanted to be taught in English. International community start to take notice. Apartheid begins to feel pressure.
June 16, 1976

41. The World’s Reaction
1973- U.N. adopted resolutions condemning Apartheid in South Africa.
1980s- Countries began boycotting South African goods.
A trade embargo was implemented.
Apartheid begins to feel pressure.
1980-Government decided school would be taught in Afrikans. Protesting to be taught in English. Organize peaceful march. Killed students.
Soweto uprising (1973)- Wanted to be taught in English. International community start to take notice. Apartheid begins to feel pressure.

42. TO ABSTAIN FROM BUYING OR USING
AFRIKAANS:
A LANGUAGE ADAPTED FROM THE 17TH CENTURY DUTCH SETTLERS OF SOUTH AFRICA
1973-The United Nations passed a resolution condemning Apartheid.
BOYCOTT:
TO ABSTAIN FROM BUYING OR USING
1976-People in Soweto riot and demonstrate against discrimination and instruction in Afrikaans. The police react with gunfire, killing 575 and injuring and arresting thousands. Stephen Biko is beaten and left in jail to die from his injuries.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE:
THE REFUSAL TO OBEY CERTAIN LAWS FOR THE PURPOSE OF INLUENCING GOVERNMENTAL POLICY
1980s-People and governments around the world launch an international campaign to boycott South Africa. Hundreds of thousands of Africans who are banned from white-controlled areas ignore the laws and pour into forbidden regions in search of work. Civil disobedience and other protests increase.
Mid 1980s-The United Democratic Front was formed in South Africa, which was led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Reverend Allen Boasek. The organization helped spread the word worldwide about the problem of Apartheid.

43. A Journey of Inequality
Late 1980s-International pressure forces South Africa to end Apartheid. As a result, some of the segregationist laws are repealed, such as the ones separating whites and non-whites in public places.
SEGRAGATIONIST:
ONE WHO BELIEVES THAT RACES SHOULD BE KEPT APART
South African President F.W. de Klerk repeals the rest of the Apartheid laws and calls for a new constitution. A multiracial transitional government is approved. Nelson Mandela is elected the first black president in 1994.
REPEALED:
TO TAKE BACK OR RECALL

44. The ANC & UDF The United Democratic Front Non-Racial9
The ANC & UDF
The African National Congress
Nelson Mandela
The Spear of the Nation
For the rights of Africans
The ANC goes underground
Imprisoned 1961
The United Democratic Front
Non-Racial
UDF Unites, Apartheid Divides
1983
Imprisoned on Robin Island (like Alcatraz). Mandela was president of ANC.
1960- After Sharpeville, the peaceful protest was no longer. Spears of the Nation. Now things will be come conducted with violence. Became an underground terrorist organization.
1983- UDF- wanted quality for people of every race

45. Fighters Nelson Mandela was a major fighter against apartheid.
He led the African National Congress (ANC)
He was eventually sentenced to life in prison for his anti-apartheid activities.
For 27 years, Nelson Mandela waited in prison while his fellow South Africans fought for his freedom.
He was finally released on February 11, 1990.

46. Nelson Mandela
While in prison, Mandela continued to fight against apartheid. In a 1964 court appearance, he said:
“During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”

51. Nelson Mandela was released from prison on February 11, 1990.

52. Mandela’s release in 1990 from prison marked the “beginning of the end” of apartheid.
But the first election that allowed both blacks and whites wasn’t until 1994.

53. 46664 Bangles

54. The End of Apartheid Apartheid ended in 1994 Why did it end?10
The End of Apartheid
Apartheid ended in 1994
Why did it end?
International Pressure
The End of the Cold War
1994- Ended bc of International Pressure
South Africa had discrimination written into its constitution.
No longer a need as an ally after the Cold War. After CW, could put more pressure on SA because they did not need their allied friendship.
Finally, in 1991, the government repealed the last of the laws that formed the legal basis of apartheid.

55. F.W. de Klerk Feb. 1989- elected leader of the National Party10
Feb elected leader of the National Party
Sept elected State President
-In his first speech after assuming the party leadership he called for a non-racist South Africa.
-lifted the ban on the ANC and released Nelson Mandela.
-brought apartheid to an end and opened the way for the drafting of a new constitution.
1994- Ended bc of International Pressure
South Africa had discrimination written into its constitution.
No longer a need as an ally after the Cold War. After CW, could put more pressure on SA because they did not need their allied friendship.

56. Mandela was elected President of South Africa in 1994.
This signified the first multi-racial government.

58. After Apartheid First Democratic Elections Mandela President11
First Democratic Elections
Mandela President
The Truth & Reconciliation Commission
Desmond Tutu
After Apartheid:
Over age of 18 could vote. Mandela was freed in Elected as president. Set up Truth & Reconciliation; horrible things happened, so we will allow people could air grievances as a way to heal 1. 2.
3. Amnesty-case heard
Tutu-poltiical figure for international peace.

59. Truth and Reconciliation Committee
Appointed by Mandela
1995
Headed by Bishop Desmond Tutu
Bring abuses of apartheid to light

60. Desmond Tutu

61. New Government, New Constitution
1996- people approve new constitution
Becomes law in a 3 year period
2nd elections in ANC won again by a landslide

62. South Africa Today Tourism & Wildlife District Six Museum12
Tourism & Wildlife
District Six Museum
New Challenges
Economic disparity/Poverty
HIV
District Six Museum- reminants of Apartheid; memory of Apartheid

63. And the remnants today…12
And the remnants today…
60% unemployment rate
Now have a quota system
What is this program similar to in America?
BONUS POINTS for you! Affirmative Action!
Segregation and apartheid are engrained into the culture.
Violence sometimes a problem when people become frustrated with the slow-to-change government.
AIDS just adds to their despair
Highest caseload in the world.

64. Protesting for Rights