1. Native American Activism, 1961-1975

2. 1. Termination 2. Urbanization 3. Civil Rights 4. Indian Affairs 5. Alcatraz 6. A.I.M. 7. B.I.A. Building 8. Wounded Knee 9. Legacies?

3. The National Context -Activism as reaction to termination/relocation -Growing urban population -Influence of Black Civil Rights Movement -Discrimination, poverty, racism -But, different from Black Civil Rights

4. American Indian Chicago Conf. 1961 multi-tribal gathering (67 tribes) University of Chicago Committees and working groups, advisory panels, Congressional pressure “Declaration of Indian Purpose” Assimilation and cultural preservation History of abuses Possibilities in multi-cultural America BIA Reform Self-determination, citizenship, loyalties

5. National Indian Youth Council 1961 Gallup, NM Alfonso Ortiz and D’Arcy McNickle Youth leadership Clyde Warrior (Ponca) Shirly H. Witt Hank Adams

6. Melvin Thom, Northern Paiute “The opposition to Indians is a monstrosity which cannot be beaten by any single action, unless we as Indian people could literally rise up, in unison, and take what is ours by force…We know the odds are against us, but we must also realize that wea re fighting for the lives of future Indian generations…We are convinced, more than ever, that this is a real war. No people in the world has ever been exterminated without putting up a last resistance. The Indians are gathering…

7. Issues of concern Sovereignty Land, Religion, Water, Treaties, Education Education & health Anti-termination

8. Fishing Rights, 1950s-60s Pacific Northwest Treaties 1850s “Usual & accustomed places” off res State game and fish laws Arrests & beatings Racism & violence

9. Fishing Rights Fish-ins and protests Media attention Marlon Brando Hank Adams 1974 Boldt Decision Federal District Court

10. Policy Changes JFK & Johnson: New Frontier, Great Society, and War on Poverty Area Redevelopment Act (1961) Community Action Projects (1963…) Stewart Udall (Int. Sec.) Philleo Nash (CIA) Office of Economic Opportunity (1964…) Medicare, Medicaid, W.I.C. Headstart

11. Termination to Self-Determination? -Robert Bennet (Oneida) CIA Vine Deloria, Jr. NCAI “self-determination” National Council on Indian Opportunity –Review policies & rec changes Congress rejected HCR 108 & PL 280 –But not legislatively overturned

12. Indian Civil Rights Act 1968 -Effectively overturned PL 280 & extended B.O.R. & Const. projects, exempted from some, limited tribal gov’ts in some ways to protect individuals -Strengthened courts -Threatened sov.?

13. Local Efforts San Carlos Apache, 1956 Cooperative Cattle Program Rosebud Sioux, 1956 Robert Burnett sued for Indian rights and racism off res. Jicarilla Apache, 1950s Coal & oil, edu funds Housing, sanitation, police

14. Vine Deloria, Jr. Standing Rock NCAI President Lawyer, Ph.D., MA Divinity, 35 books Custer Died for Your Sins, 1969 Treaties & Self- Determination

15. Occupation of Alcatraz, 1969-71 College Students San Francisco Community Center Richard Oakes LaNada Means Adam Nordwall Sit-ins Treaty Rights

16. “Alcatraz Is Not an Island” Thunderbird Univ. Cultural Center Language classes Museum Community National awareness

17. Images of Alcatraz

19. Richard Oakes

20. LaNada (Means) Boyer

22. View of San Francisco

23. Significance of Alcatraz Treaties “Modern Activism” National Media Consciousness Direct Action No BIA Shaped a Generation

24. Blue Lake, Taos NM 1906 NPS incorporated land into Carson N. F. Sacred Lands for Taos Rejected $10 million Fought for its return for decades 1970 Nixon compelled Congress to return 48,000 back to Taos

25. Other “Corrections” Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs 61,000 Yakima 21,000 Northern Paiutes 27,000 Havasupai 28,000 Restored Terminated tribes in: AZ, UT, OR, NE Modocs, Ottowas, Paiutes, Peorias, Wyandots,

26. The American Indian Movement 1968 established Minneapolis Urban poverty Police/Racism

27. A.I.M. Black Panthers Direct Action Militant rhetoric Male oriented

28. A.I.M. Leaders

30. Trail of Broken Treaties, 1972 March across U.S. National unity Awareness Protest Meet in D.C. Self- determination Twenty Points

31. Bureau of Indian Affairs Meet with Gov’t. Miscommunication Occupied building “Found history” Colonialism Frustration

32. Road to Wounded Knee, 1973 Pine Ridge, Res. History of Lakota 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre Black Hills

33. Reservation Problems Corruption Violence Poverty Alcoholism Border racism Ask AIM to help

34. Occupation

35. Independent Oglala Nation, 1973 Russell Means Sovereignty History of Oglala Treaty of 1868 70 day stand-off

36. Legacy of Wounded Knee Shocked the Nation Treaty rights Racism and abuse Consciousness/identity Massive government repression

37. Other Events Menominee Restoration Act, 1973 (Ada Deer) Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971) 1966 Alaska Fed of Natives Oil pipeline & land rights 40 million acres $962 million Regional coorporations

38. Significance of Activism? “Modern Activism” reflected era Youth, generations: traditional and urban Treaties/sovereignty Identity/“rediscovery of history” Changed federal policies 1975 Indian Ed & Self-Determination Act Economic development, ed, health, politics