1. Wilsonian Progressivism Ch. 29

2. President Taft (SG) Did not have TR’s flair and forceful personality Supported most of TR’s policies Taft will be remembered in history more for his failures than his accomplishments Taft’s Administration –Foreign Policy > ‘dollar diplomacy’ –Trustbusting –The Tariff –Began the idea of a federal budget –Supported the 16 th and 17 th Amendments –Two new states added > N. Mexico and Arizona

3. TAFT HAD PROBLEMS WITH BOTH THE CONSERVATIVE AND PROGRESSIVE WINGS OF HIS REPUBLICAN PARTY. THIS EVENTUALLY LED TO A SPLIT BETWEEN HE AND THEODORE ROOSEVELT CULMINATING IN THE 1912 ELECTION WHERE THEY RAN AGAINST EACH OTHER, SPLITTING THE REPUBLICAN VOTE, ASSURING A DEMOCRATIC VICTORY. A MAJOR REASON FOR THE SPLIT WAS TAFT’S FIRING OF PINCHOT. THIS WAS SEEN AS AN ATTACK ON CONSERVATION AND VIOLATION OF ROOSEVELT’S CORE BELIEFS.

4. ROOSEVELT Bull Moose or Progressive Party The 1912 Presidential CAMPAIGN WILSON Democratic Party TAFT Republican Party Debs The Socialist Party

5. TR vs. Wilson TR > “I’m as strong and fit as a bull moose” –‘ New Nationalism ’, a very ‘progressive’ agenda Minimum wage law for women Women’s Suffrage End to child labor Worker’s compensation laws Federal Trade Commission (to regulate business and trade) Wilson –‘ New Freedom ’, also a ‘progressive’ agenda Believed gov’t should break up big business to clear the way for small business to compete Viewed monopolies as the ‘absolute evil’ The winner in 1912 > Progressivism

6. MANY MEN SUPPORTED THE STRUGGLE FOR WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE IN 1912 TEDDY ROOSEVELT'S BULL MOOSE PROGRESSIVE PARTY ENDORSED FULL WOMEN SUFFRAGE

7. “Never before in the history of the United States have women taken a deeper interest in a presidential campaign than this year.” New Orleans Picayune, Aug. 19, 1912

8. WOODROW WILSON, THE PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRAT IS ELECTED

10. WOODROW WILSON (1856-1924): TWENTY-EIGHTH PRESIDENT 1913-1921 :DEMOCRAT "Government should not be made an end in itself; it is a means only,—a means to be freely adapted to advance the best interests of the social organism. The State exists for the sake of Society, not Society for the sake of the State."

11. WILSON’S INAUGURATION

12. WILSON THE PROGRESSIVE and ‘PRIMING THE PUMP’ "Sometimes people call me an idealist. Well, that is the way I know I am an American. America, my fellow citizens—I do not say it in disparagement of any other great people—America is the only idealistic nation in the world."

13. WILSON’S “NEW FREEDOM” PLATFORM  TARIFF REDUCTION  REFORM OF THE BANKING SYSTEM  NEW LAWS TO CONTROL ABUSIVE CORPORATIONS  RESTORE COMPETITION TO INCREASE OPPORTUNITY  SUPPORT THE RIGHTS OF UNION AND THE WORKING MAN

14. TARIFF REDUCTION : A TARIFF IS A TAX A GOVERNMENT PLACES ON IMPORTED GOODS. ITS PURPOSE IS TO RAISE REVENUE FOR THE GOVERNMENT OR TO DISCOURAGE CITIZENS FROM BUYING FOREIGN GOODS. IT CAN ALSO BE USED TO PROTECT DOMESTIC MANUFACTURES FROM FOREIGN COMPETITION. TARIFFS HAVE THE EFFECT OF RAISING PRICES ON CONSUMERS. UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS TARIFF PASSED IN OCTOBER OF 1913 INCREASED THE FREE LIST, ADDING WOOLENS, IRON, STEEL, FARM MACHINERY AND MANY RAW MATERIALS AND FOODSTUFFS THE AVERAGE RATE WAS APPROXIMATELY 26 PERCENT PROVIDED FOR A FEDERAL INCOME TAX AS A MEANS TO COMPENSATE FOR ANTICIPATED LOST REVENUE BECAUSE OF THE REDUCTION OF TARIFF DUTIES (16 th Amendment)

15. REFORM OF THE BANKING SYSTEM FEDERAL RESERVE ACT “An Act to provide for the establishment of Federal reserve banks, to furnish an elastic currency, to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper, to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States, and for other purposes.” The Federal Reserve Act provided for the establishment of up to 12 Federal Reserve Banks (district banks) to coordinate policy with a seven-member Federal Reserve Board in Washington The Federal Reserve was set up to prevent or moderate the cycles of ‘boom and bust’ that had devastating impact on the American economy Along with President Wilson, Carter Glass, representative from Virginia, was instrumental in constructing the Federal Reserve Act

16. NEW LAWS TO CONTROL ABUSIVE CORPORATIONS CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT Henry Clayton Representative from Alabama was the driving force behind the Clayton Antitrust Act Passed in 1914 to clarify the existing antitrust law (Sherman Act) A number of business practices were prohibited including: Predatory price cutting or price fixing Ownership of stock in competing companies Interlocking directorates (the practice of having the same individuals serve as directors of competing companies) Placed limitations on the use of injunctions against unions and stipulated that labor organizations were not illegal combinations acting to restrain trade; boycotts, strikes and picketing were all recognized as legal activities

17. Federal Trade Commission Act A new agency, the Federal Trade Commission, was created in the fall of 1914. It was to be composed of five members, all of whom were to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The commissioners were to be selected on a non-partisan basis and serve seven-year terms. The agency was empowered to investigate corporate practices and, if necessary, issue cease and desist orders to halt illegal activities. The commission replaced the earlier and less powerful Bureau of Corporations. Keating Owen Child Labor Act 1916 This act limited the working hours of children and forbade the interstate sale of goods produced by child labor. Unfortunately the Supreme Court declared this and subsequent laws unconstitutional.

18. ALICE PAUL AND LUCY BURNS ORGANIZED A PROTEST PARADE TO COINCIDE WITH PRESIDENT WILSON’S INAUGURATION IN MARCH 1913

19. On Monday, March 3, 1913, clad in a white cape astride a white horse, lawyer Inez Milholland led the great woman suffrage parade down Pennsylvania Avenue in the nation's capital. Behind her stretched a long line with nine bands, four mounted brigades, three heralds, about twenty-four floats, and more than 5,000 marchers.

21. By 1916 almost all of the major suffrage organizations were united behind the goal of a constitutional amendment. When New York adopted woman suffrage in 1917 and when President Woodrow Wilson changed his position to support an amendment in 1918, the political balance began to shift in favor of the vote for women. On May 21, 1919, the House of Representatives passed the amendment, and 2 weeks later, the Senate followed. When Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment on August 18, 1920, the amendment passed its final hurdle of obtaining the agreement of three-fourths of the states. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby certified the ratification on August 26, 1920, and the face of the American electorate changed forever.

22. Wilson and Foreign Policy (SG) On the day he took office, Wilson remarked to a friend that it would be an ‘irony of fate’ if his administration had to deal mainly with foreign affairs. WW and his advisers had very little experience in foreign affairs Disagreed with TR on US imperialism, and he disavowed Taft’s dollar diplomacy Nevertheless, WW ends up using TR’s ‘big stick’ “Moral Diplomacy”

23. There has been something crude and heartless and unfeeling in our haste to succeed and be great. Our thought has been "Let every man look out for himself, let every generation look out for itself," while we reared giant machinery which made it impossible that any but those who stood at the levers of control should have a chance to look out for themselves. We had not forgotten our morals. We remembered well enough that we had set up a policy which was meant to serve the humblest as well as the most powerful, with an eye single to the standards of justice and fair play, and remembered it with pride. But we were very heedless and in a hurry to be great. Wilson, 1913 President Woodrow Wilson Moral diplomacy (SG)

24. World War I Begins Tensions build in Europe –Austria-Hungary and the Balkans –Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Aug. 1914, war is declared American Neutrality –US couldn’t help but take sides –Trade issues Sinking of the Lusitania –Sussex Pledge Election of 1916 > Wilson re-elected

25. WORLD WAR I BEGAN 1914 JUNE 28 ARCHDUKE FERDINAND ASSASSINATED JULY 28 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARED WAR ON SERBIA AUGUST 1 GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA AUGUST 3 GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON FRANCE AUGUST 4 GERMANY INVADED NEUTRAL BELGIUM WHICH PROMPTED BRITAIN TO DECLARE WAR THE SAME DAY AUGUST 4 PRESIDENT WILSON DECLARED POLICY OF NEUTRALITY FOR THE UNITED STATES AUGUST 6 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA AUGUST 23 JAPAN DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY OCTOBER 29 OTTOMAN EMPIRE JOINED THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF THE CENTRAL POWERS

26. HOW DID MOST AMERICANS FEEL ABOUT JOINING THE WAR IN EUROPE? MOST PEOPLE WANTED TO REMAIN NEUTRAL BECAUSE:  THEY FELT THAT IT WAS NOT OUR FIGHT  EUROPE WAS TOO FAR AWAY  WAR WAS EXPENSIVE  DIVIDED LOYALTIES SINCE WE TRADED WITH BOTH GERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN (AND FRANCE) AND DID NOT WANT TO SEVER TIES WITH EITHER ONE BY FIGHTING AGAINST THEM

27. LUSITANIA SUNK, 1915 BRITISH PASSENGER SHIP SUNK BY A GERMAN U-BOAT IN 1915. MORE THAN 1,000 PEOPLE KILLED INCLUDING 128 AMERICANS.

28. AFTER THE GERMANS SANK THE UNARMED FRENCH SUSSEX IN MARCH 1916 (THE AMERICANS ON BOARD WERE INJURED BUT NONE WERE KILLED), PRESIDENT WILSON DEMANDED THAT THE GERMANS STOP SINKING MERCHANT SHIPS WITHOUT WARNING OR THE U.S. WOULD SEVER DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH GERMANY. GERMANY AGREED AND THAT LASTED UNTIL JANUARY OF 1917 WHEN THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT, DUE TO CIVILIAN STARVATION FROM THE BRITISH BLOCKADE AND HOPING FOR A QUICK END TO THE WAR, ANNOUNCED UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE. THE SUSSEX PLEDGE