2. The Sociological Perspective What is the sociological perspective? The concept that describes opening a window into unfamiliar worlds that allows us to understand human behavior by placing it within its broader social context What is social location? sociologists’ group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job, and income Biology is an example of a _________________ science. natural

3. The Sociological Perspective What is the first goal of each scientific discipline? -explain why something happens What event caused Auguste Comte to explore patterns in society? the French Revolution

4. Culture What is culture? Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next What is material culture? Jewelry, art, hairstyles, and clothing What is culture shock? an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one's own

5. Culture What is language? Symbols can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought What are norms? expectations or rules of behavior that develop from values

6. Socialization What is the social environment? In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component Describe feral children. children who are assumed to have been raised by animals in the wilderness and isolated from other children What is socialization? The concept that sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human“

7. Socialization What are significant others? a person who is important to one's well- being; especially : a spouse or one in a similar relationship What is a social mirror? people are not capable of self-reflection without taking into consideration a peer's interpretation of the experience

8. Social Structure and Interaction What is macrosociology? A focus on the broad features of society to analyze such things as social class and how groups relate to one another What is microsociology? one of the main points (or focuses) of sociology, concerning the nature of everyday human social interactions and agency on a small scale Which is more important for sociologists? both macro and microsociology, depending upon the situation

9. Social Structure and Interaction What is a social structure? the system of socioeconomic stratification (e.g., the class structure), socialinstitutions, or, other patterned relations between large socialgroups How does your location in your social structure affect how you handle life situations? People in different social structures handle situations differently

10. Research What is a rapport? The feeling of trust that researchers establish with their respondents What is a case study? When a researcher focuses on a single event, situation, or individual What is a control group? a group of subjects closely resembling the treatment group in many demographic variables but not receiving the active medication or factor under study

11. Research What are independent and dependent variables? IV: a variable that is intentionally changed toobserve its effe ct on the dependent variable DV: the event studied and expected to change when the independent variable is changed What is a spurious relationship? not genuine, authentic, or true; not from the claimed, pret ended, or proper source; counterfeit

12. Societies to Social Networks What is a group? any collection or assemblage of persons What is a society? people who share a culture and a territory What are two characteristics that a people must share to qualify as a society? the same culture and the same territory

13. Societies to Social Networks Which society is egalitarian, nomadic, and only consists of 25-40 people? the hunting and gathering society Which group was the first to develop permanent settlements? Horticulture Society

14. Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations What is rationality? An approach to life in which there is an emphasis on rules, efficiency, and practical results What are characteristics of an industrialized society? refers to a society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour. Which two societies evaluate people based on a “bottom line” ? (their economic value) the industrial and postindustrial societies

15. Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations What is the major emphasis of the traditional orientation to life? The past is the best guide for what should be done in the present. Which theorist argued that capitalism was responsible for the decline of traditional orientations to social life? Karl Marx

16. Deviance and Social Control What are crimes? Violations of norms and rules that are written into law How is deviance relative? It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant What is symbolic interactionism? people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them, and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation

17. Deviance and Social Control What is a social order? A group’s usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives What backgrounds are shared by juvenile delinquents? They are from families that have a history of being involved in crime

18. Global Stratification What is gender? the most common basis for social stratification What is social stratification? The division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige In which type of society is slavery most likely to exist? Agricultural Society

19. Global Stratification What is an ideology? A system of beliefs that justifies a particular social arrangement What is the basis of India’s caste system? Religion

20. Social Class in the United States What are the three factors that Max Weber identified as defining social class? wealth, power, prestige What is wealth? the property owned and the income acquired minus debts made by the person Who are the power elite? those who make the big decisions in American society

21. Social Class in the United States Most United States presidents share which background characteristics? millionaire white men from families with old money Which three occupations enjoy the highest prestige? college president, Supreme Court judge, astronaut

22. Sex and Gender Why is gender important? It is a master status cutting across all aspects of life What is gender stratification? the unequal access to power, prestige, and property based on a person's sex How are the concepts of gender and sex different? of gender refers to sociological characteristics, the concept of sex refers to biological characteristics

23. Sex and Gender Why do men and women perform different types of work? It is a product of socialization and social control In which society were men and women relatively equal? Hunting and gathering

24. Race and Ethnicity What is race? a group of people with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group What is ethnicity? A term used to describe a shared cultural heritage What is a dominant group? The group has the greatest power, privileges, and social status

25. Race and Ethnicity What is ethnic work? The way people construct their ethnicity What is positive prejudice? an attitude that exaggerates the virtues of a group

26. The Elderly What does it mean when sociologists say that age is “socially constructed”? Age is based on cultural attitudes that are rooted in a society What is the median age of the US Population? 35 Which country has the longest life expectancy? Japan

27. The Elderly What is a life span? the maximum length of life that is possible for a species What is ageism? Prejudice, discrimination, and hostility directed against people because of their age

28. The Economy Before societies could create permanent or semi- permanent places to live what conditions had to exist? a surplus of food that could be distributed and exchanged If a plow is part of agricultural society what society would a steam engine be a part of? Industrial society What medium of exchange does this represent? Blossom exchanges pastries for clothing at the marketplace, and David brings chickens to trade for Blossom’s pastries. Barter

29. The Economy What is the term for the means by which people value and exchange goods and services? Medium of exchange If Jack was given $10,000 in e-cash where can he access that money? Computer

30. Politics Government power over large groups is called? Macropolitics The intention of overthrowing a government by armed resistance is a? A revolution What is common about Joan of Arc, Hitler, and Jesus Christ? They were charismatic leaders

31. Politics What type of government is represented in the United States by electing our candidates for the state capitals and in Washington D.C.? Representative Democracy The basis of universal citizenship is? By birth or naturalization, everyone in the country has the same basic rights.

32. Marriage and Family Family that lives apart from other kin immediately related to the husband, wife, and children are considered what type of family? Nuclear family Husband and wife duties with the greatest gap in regards to the hours of their household responsibilities is? Paid work If both parents work outside the home, who is most likely to care for preschoolers? Organized child care facilities

33. Marriage and Family A blended family includes what? A husband or wife brings a child into the new family from a prior relationship. An old-fashioned way of describing this term includes shacking up or living in sin… Cohabitation

34. Education The funding for common school is _____ _______and was proposed by Horace Mann. Public taxation Hidden curriculum serves what purposed according to conflict theorists? Promotes social inequalities Characteristic of schools to promote patriotism corresponds with what characteristic of society? Maintain armed forces

35. Education The likelihood a student will attend college is significantly predicted on what? Family background A growing problem in education of making simple questions or “dummying down” grading scales is called? Mediocrity

36. Religion Your nephew is having a bar mitzvah next week, this an example of religious _____? Ritual Feeling of coming in contact with God, or a sudden awareness of the supernatural is? Religious experience This is the largest religion with around 2 billion members? Christianity

37. Religion Buddhism has a central symbol, what is it? The eight-spoked wheel According to sociologist, how is a cult defined? A new or different religion at odds with dominant culture and religion

38. Medicine and Health Dealing with illness and injury by societies standard uses what? medicine What variable constitutes health and illness amongst societies? The culture of society What role do you play in the following scenario? You wake up sick with the flu. Sociology has a major exam in class that day, but when you email Mrs. Cantu she excuses you to postpone your test. You go to the doctor, and he gives you medicine to take while you rest for a couple of days. The sick role

39. Medicine and Health In the United States this group controls the education and licensing of physicians… American Medical Association An unlikely outcome of the Affordable Care Act would be? Inequality in medical care will be eliminated

40. Population and Urbanization What is demography? the study of the size, composition, growth, and distribution of human populations What product did Spanish conquistadors find in the New World and take back to Europe that greatly affected the growth of European populations? The potato What is the Malthus Theorem? the idea that population grows geometrically and the food supply only increases arithmetically

41. Population and Urbanization From the beginning of time, how long did it take for the world’s population to reach its first billion people? 1800 AD Since 1975, approximately how many years does it take for the world population to increase by 1 billion people? 12 years