1. Lecture 1 (Introduction)
Computer Organization and Assembly Language. (CSC-210)
Dr. Muhammad Ayaz

2. Welcome to CEC-210 Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Ayaz Class Schedule
Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday (8:00-9:00 AM)
Class Room
1134

3. Grading Policy Quizzes 10% Home Work & Reports 10% Project 10%
Midterm Exam I 15%
Midterm Exam II 15%
Final Exam 40%

4. Which Books will be Used?
Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance, 8/e , William Stallings; 2010; Prentice Hall.
The Intel 32-bit Microprocessors, 2/e, Barry Brey, 1995;Prentice Hall.
Structured Computer Organization, 5/e, Andrew Tanenbaum ; 2006 ; Prentice Hall.

5. Definition of a Computer
Information Processor
Input and Output
Definition of Modern Computer
Inputs, outputs, processes and stores information
Physical: Keyboard, monitor, etc. – are these necessary components?

6. What’s a Computer?
A computer is an electronic machine that takes input from the user, processes the given input and generates output in the form of useful information.

7. Basic Computer
Figure: Basic Computer Terminology

8. What’s a Computer?
The unique capabilities and characteristics of a computer:
Speed
Storage Capacity
Accuracy
Reliability
Versatility

9. What’s a Computer?
Limitations:
Garbage-In, Garbage-Out
Dumb machine

10. Generations of Computers

11. First Generation Computers

12. First Generation Computers
Employed during the period
Used the Vacuum Tubes technology for calculation as well as for storage and control purpose.
Advantages:
(1) Fastest computing devices of their time;
(2) These computers were able to execute complex mathematical problems in an efficient manner.

13. First Generation Computers
Disadvantages:
(1) There were generally designed as special-purpose computers.
(2) The use of vacuum tube technology make these computers very large and bulky.
(3) They were not easily transferable from one place to another due to their huge size and also required to be placed in cool places.
(4) They were single tasking because they could execute only one program at a time.
(5) The generated huge amount of heat and hence were prone to hardware faults.

14. Second Generation Computers

15. Second Generation Computers
Employed during the period
Use Transistors in place of vacuum tubes in building the basic logic circuits.
Advantages:
(1) Fastest computing devices of their time;
(2) Easy to program because of the use assembly language;
(3) Could be transferred from one place to other very easily because they were small and light;
(4) Require very less power in carrying out their operations;
(5) More reliable, did not require maintenance at regular intervals of time.

16. Second Generation Computers
Disadvantages:
(1) Required to be placed in air-conditioned places
(2) The cost of these computers was very high and they were beyond the reach of home users
(3) Special-purpose computers and could execute only specific applications

17. Third Generation Computers

18. Third Generation Computers
Employed during the period
Use of Integrated Circuits
Advantages:
(1) Fastest computing devices;
(2) Very productive;
(3) Use high-level languages;
(4) Could be installed very easily and required less space;
(5) Can execute any type of application.

19. Third Generation Computers
Disadvantages:
(1)The storage capacity of these computers was still very small;
(2) The performance of these computers degraded while executing large applications,
(3) The cost of these computers was very high;
(4) They were still required to be placed in air-conditioned places.

20. Fourth Generation Computers

21. Fourth Generation Computers
Employed during
Use of Large Scale Integration technology and Very Large Scale Integration technology
The term Personal Computer (PC) became known to the people during this era.

22. Fourth Generation Computers
Advantages:
(1) Very powerful in terms of their processing speed and access time;
(2) Storage capacity was very large and faster;
(3) Highly reliable and required very less maintenance;
(4) User-friendly environment;
(5) Programs written on these computers were highly portable;
(6) Versatile and suitable for every type of applications;
(7) Require very less power to operate.

23. Fourth Generations Computers
Disadvantages:
(1) The soldering of LSI and VLSI chips on the wiring board was not an easy task and required complicated technologies to bind these chips on the wiring board;
(2) The working of these computers is still dependent on the instructions given by the programmer.

24. Fifth Generation Computers

25. Fifth Generation Computers
The different types of modern digital computers come under this category.
Use Ultra Large Scale Integration technology that allows almost ten million electronic components to be fabricated on one small chip.

26. Fifth Generations Computers
Advantages:
(1) Fastest and powerful computers till date;
(2) Being able to execute a large number of applications at the same time and that too at a very high speed;
(3) Decreasing the size of these computers to a large extent;
(4)The users of these computers find it very comfortable to use them because of the several additional multimedia features;
(5) They are versatile for communications and resource sharing.

27. Classification of Computers
We can classify the computers according to the following three criteria:
(1) Based on operating principles
(2) Based on applications
(3) Based on size and capability

28. Classification of Computers
(1) Based on operating principles:
Analog computers: represent data in the form of continuous electrical signals having a specific magnitude
Digital computers: store and process data in the digital form.
Hybrid computers: a combination of analog computer and digital computer because it encompasses the best features of both.

29. Classification of Computers
(2) Based on applications:
General purpose computers: can work in all environments.
Special purpose computers: can perform only a specified task.

30. Classification of Computers
(3) Based on size and capability
Microcomputers: Designed to be used by individuals. Desktop PCs and Laptops.
Mini Computers: Can handle more data and more input and output than micro computers. Mostly multiuser, users
Mainframe Computers: A very large computer. Hundred to thousand users can use simultaneously.
Super Computers: like mainframe but with high processing power. The fastest type of computer that can perform complex operations at a very high speed. Many processors enabling them to process complex operation, e.g. weather forecast which will needs to be processed within a short period

31. The Computer System
Hardware
Software
Data
People

32. Information Processing Cycle
What does a computer do?
Processor
Control Unit/Arithmetic Logic Unit
Input
Process
Output
Storage
Input Devices
Output Devices
Memory
Storage Devices
Information Processing Cycle

33. What is the information processing cycle?
Input
Process
Output
Storage
Communication

34. The Components of a Computer
What is an input device?
_____
Hardware used
to enter data
and instructions

35. The Components of a Computer
What is an output device?
______
Hardware that
conveys information to a user

36. The Components of a Computer
What is the system unit?
Box-like case
containing
electronic
components
used to process
data

37. bus
Ports
Printer
Mouse
Keyboard
Modem
Disk controller
Graphics card
Monitor
Speakers
CPU
Sound card
RAM
Network card
Computer

38. Input Devices
Depending upon the type or method of input, the input device may belong to one of the following categories:
(1) Keyboard
(2) Pointing devices (mouse, joystick, touchscreen)
(3) Scanning devices
(4) Optical recognition devices
(5) Digital camera
(6) Voice recognition devices
(7) Media input devices

39. Output Devices
Output devices receive the processed data (information) from the CPU and present it to the user in a desired form. They act as an interface between the computer and the user. The main task of an output device is to convert the machine readable information into human-readable from which may be in the form of text, graphics, audio or video. Depending upon the form of output required, the output device may belong to one of the following categories:
Display monitors
Printers
Plotters
Voice output systems
Projectors