1. General Notes on Styles and Stylistics
Lecture 1

2. Questions to discuss: Problems of stylistic research.
Stylistics of language and speech.
Types of stylistic research and branches of stylistics.
Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines.
Stylistic neutrality and stylistic coloring.
Stylistic function notion.

3. What is “style”? Term not much loved by linguists
Too vague
Has connotations in neighbouring fields (“style” = good style, ie a value judgment)
Many books/articles make reference to etymology of the word (Lat. stilus = ‘pen’), so it follows that style is mainly about written language
Various definitions, some very close to things already seen (especially “register”)
Two main aspects widely supposed:
style is choice
style is described by reference to something else

4. Style (Lat. 'stylus‘) = a short stick sharp at one end and flat at the other used by the Romans for writing on wax tablets.
Stylistics ( Fr. “Stylistique”) =instrument for writing.

5. fields of investigation
the aesthetic function of language;
2) expressive means in language;
3) synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea;

6. 4) emotional colouring of language;
5) a system of special devices called stylistic devices;
6) the interrelation between language and thought;
7) the individual manner of an author in making use of language.

7. Style: correspondence between thought and expression
embellishment of language
technique of expression
a literary genre
different styles of language (functional styles)

8. functional styles the belles- lettres style; 2) the publicist style;
3) the newspaper style;
4) the scientific prose style;
5) the style of official documents

9. Stylistics and its Subdivisions

10. SDs and Ems desirable effect;
Stylistics
SDs and Ems desirable effect;
b) types of text “discourse” -functional styles

11. 2) Literary stylistics (encoding stylistics);
Depending on the school of thought there are:
1) Linguo-stylistics;
2) Literary stylistics (encoding stylistics);
3) Decoding stylistics (of the reader);

12. Linguo-stylistics
studies of literary discourse from a linguistic point of view;
studies the linguistic nature of the expressive means of the language, their character and functions.

13. Literary stylistics (encoding st.)
the composition of a work of art
various literary genres
the writer's outlook

14. Decoding stylistics (of the reader)
Sender - message - receiver
Speaker - book - reader

15. Expressive Means (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD)

16. Expressive Means
fixed in grammars and dictionaries; normalized, and are labeled as intensifiers in some dictionaries; in most cases they have corresponding neutral synonymous forms.

17. Phonetical Means Pitch Melody Stress Drawling out certain syllables
Whispering
A sing-song manner of speech
and other ways of using the voice

18. Morphological Means Historical Present “shall” (2nd and 3rd )
Cf. He shall do it
(I shall make him do it)
He has to do it
(It is necessary for him to do it)

19. Word Building Means diminutive suf. as - у (- ie), - let
e.g. dearie, streamlet
an unexpected use of the author's nonce words
e.g. He glasnosted his love affair with this movie star.

20. Lexical expressive means
group of intensifiers - awfully, terribly, absolutely, etc.
words that retain their logical meaning while being used emphatically:
It was a very special evening/event/gift.

21. Lexical expressive means
interjections
set expressions
proverbs and sayings

22. Stylistic Device
the ability of a verbal element to obtain extra significance, to say more in a definite context. Most stylistic devices may be regarded as aiming at the further intensification in the corresponding EM.

23. Stylistic Device unlike EM, SD are patterns of the language
the interplay/interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings of words will lead to such stylistic devices as metaphor, metonymy or irony.