2. Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896): segregation of the races in public institutions and accommodations was legal as long as they were equal –“Separate but equal” –NAACP trying to get this reversed for years

3. Brown VS the Board of Education 1951: Oliver Brown sued Topeka Kansas, Board of Education –Allow his 8-year old daughter to attend an all white school –She was going to a school further from home for African American students –After appeals the case reached the Supreme Court –Thurgood Marshall was the lawyer that argued on behalf of the Brown’s

4. Brown v. Board of Education Began as 4 separate cases from KS, SC, VA, and DE Decided together because they presented common legal question Issue: Did “separate but equal” schooling create a class system that offered whites a better quality of education than blacks? (Equal education opportunity—equal protection of the laws under the 14 th Amendment)Issue: Did “separate but equal” schooling create a class system that offered whites a better quality of education than blacks? (Equal education opportunity—equal protection of the laws under the 14 th Amendment)

5. Brown v. Board of Education Ruling: Court unanimously (9-0) overturns its Plessy decision…”separate but equal” has no place in the public education system

6. Brown v. Board of Education 1954 Supreme Court decision that strikes down the doctrine of “separate but equal” established by the 1896 decision of Plessy v. Ferguson –A year later they also ruled that local school boards should desegregate “with all deliberate speed”

7. First Rock Elementary School for blacks -- the main building shown on the right was used for grades 1,4-5. Had pupil capacity of 120; built in 1939. "Temporary" building in foreground on the left was used for grades 2-3. This was a frame building covered with roofing paper built in 1949 and had a pupil capacity of 40. The building had no windows. Privy and another building can be seen in the background. The structures that made up First Rock had no steam/water heat and no indoor plumbing.

8. Darlington Heights Elementary School for whites, side and rear view, built in 1927. An addition to the structure was built in 1937. Pupil capacity was 200; used for grades 1-7; had steam or hot water heat and indoor plumbing.

10. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Interracial organization Established in 1909 Worked to secure full legal equality for all Americans and to remove barriers that leapt them from voting Organization worked primarily through the courts Vital force in the fight for civil rights

11. Groups Behind the Struggle NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People—worked for better housing/education National Urban League: helped find homes/jobs and training for blacks moving from South to Northern cities CORE: Congress of Racial Equality—used peaceful confrontation to bring about change—sit-ins

13. Emmet Till Murder August 5 th 1955 in Mississippi 14 year old African America boy was visiting relatives. He whistled at a white women named Carolyn Bryant. –Which violated the code of the South. Emmet was dragged from his bed, beaten and was shot through the head by 2 white men. He was found 3 days later in the Tallahatchie River.

14. Emmet Till Before…

15. Emmet Till after…

16. Rosa Parks A seamstress Secretary of the Montgomery NAACP Deeply moved by the brutal murder of Emmett Till in August 1955

17. Montgomery, Alabama Law First four rows of bus seats were reserved for white people “Colored” section for black people, generally in the back- 75% of bus riders Bus driver could move the “Colored” sign or remove it Blacks could sit in the middle until the white section was filled –Had to move to the back, stand, or leave the bus Blacks could not sit across the aisle from whites If white people were already on the bus, Blacks had to board to pay the fare and then get off and re-enter through the rear door

18. Rosa Parks Boarded the bus at 6pm, Thursday December 1, 1955 Paid her fare and sat in the first row for blacks which was near the middle of the bus and directly behind the ten seats reserved for white passengers White section filled and when more whites boarded, driver moved the sign behind Parks and demanded that four blacks give up their seats 3 others moved, Parks did not, refused to give up her seat She was arrested

20. Montgomery Bus Boycott Civil Rights leaders met and along with the Women’s Political Council organized a bus boycott African Americans would refuse to use the entire bus system until the policies were changed Over the next year, 50,000 African Americans in Montgomery walked, rode bikes, joined car pools to avoid the buses

21. Montgomery Bus Boycott Despite losing money, bus company would not change policies Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation, like school segregation, was unconstitutional Produced a new generation of leaders in the African American community –Martin Luther King Jr.

22. Martin Luther King Jr.’s account of the first morning: “During the rush hours the sidewalks were crowded with laborers and domestic workers, many of them well past middle age, trudging patiently to their jobs and home again, sometimes as much as twelve miles. They knew why they walked, and the knowledge was evident in the way they carried themselves. And as I watched them I knew that there is nothing more majestic than the determined courage of individuals willing to suffer and sacrifice for their freedom and dignity”

23. The Philosophy of Nonviolence 1957: MLK Jr. and other African American clergymen organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Used nonviolence to protest against policies and struggle for equal rights

24. SNCC Breaks Away Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC): began in 1960 as a way to give young activists a voice in the struggle for equal rights Sought immediate change—not gradual change as sought by the SCLC

25. The Struggle Intensifies Sit-ins—popular form of protest in early ’60s, forces choice between business and disruption Freedom Rides: designed to see if southern states would obey Boynton v. Virginia (1960)—businesses that served interstate travelers could not be segregated— –Examples: Bus station waiting rooms and restaurants

32. The Struggles Elsewhere The Albany Movement—Year-long protest marches to desegregate Georgia bus terminals…did not gain national attention Integration of “Ole Miss”: Army, and federal marshals escort James Meredith to class after outrage from white protestors

35. The Political Response Kennedy proposed a strong Civil Rights Bill: –prohibit segregation in public places – ban discrimination where federal funding involved – advance school desegregation

36. The March on Washington August 1963: 200,000+ March on D.C. to focus attention on Kennedy’s Civil Rights Bill MLK, Jr. delivers his “I Have a Dream” speech

37. The March on Washington

39. Johnson on Civil Rights Johnson uses influence to get Kennedy’s Civil Rights Bill passed after assassination Congress went into lengthy filibuster trying to kill the bill Cloture (3/5 vote that limits debate and calls for vote) is used to get bill passed into law

40. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Impacts voting, schools, & jobs

41. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Impacts voting, schools, & jobs to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.

42. Voting Rights Act of 1965

44. The Challenge of Black Power Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act of 1965 represent enormous progress in Civil Rights Movement African Americans still face economic and social discrimination

45. James Baldwin African American writer of the Civil Rights Movement African Americans were tired of promises and wanted action now… Wrote of the damaging effects of segregation on African Americans

46. James Baldwin

47. Malcolm X Leading Minister of the Nation of Islam Viewed white society as oppressive— preached black separation and self-help

48. Malcolm X Preached Black Nationalism: belief in separate identity and racial unity of the African American community Nation of Islam: founded by Elijah Muhammad in 1933 to establish society w/o whites

49. Malcolm X Change of heart? After pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm X changed thoughts on separatism and hatred of whites Was ready to work with whites on some issues…this gained him enemies Shot to death in February 1965

50. The Black Power Movement Started by Stokely Carmichael in 1966, as the former SNCC leader leaves group Exposes ‘black power’—a separation from whites and the formation of a strong black community

52. Black Panther’s Movement October of 1966 Oakland California Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale

53. Black Panther’s Movement Practiced militant self-defense of minority communities against the U.S. government Fought to establish a revolution through mass organizing and community based programs All black membership

54. Black Panther’s Movement Ten Point Program Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice And Peace Wanted an exemption from military service

55. Black Panther’s Movement FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover "The greatest threat to the internal security of the country."

56. The Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement LBJ and his administration made tremendous strides in the CRM… Segregation is now illegal More African Americans were able to vote— political life in America changed America moves towards being a fairer society