1. Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut The Style of the Novel

2. Elements of the Novel Science fiction – Clipped sentences and dialogue – Motifs of time travel – Aliens and space ships Cinematic Techniques – Hard cuts – Associative fades – Artful montage to create associations between scenes

3. Literary Techniques Short sentences Truncated dialogue – Both used to create the jumpy feel of the book, break up the flow, create the spastic effect Uses “clumps of images” or scenes as its structure – Few paragraphs to a few pages – Random at first – Subtle associations with other scenes – Themes are developed but not clear cut Vonnegut wants “readers to co-author the book.”

4. Literary Techniques Modernist Lacks conventional structural elements – No set exposition, rising action, climax, resolution Novel gives away climax at the beginning : the bombing of Dresden First and last chapters are autobiographical frames to the middle chapters of fiction First person perspective in first chapter, third person in the middle chapters (with some first person interruptions), returning to first person in the last chapter.

5. Elements of the Novel Satire – Ridicules modern society – Author satirizes himself – It’s an example of “indirect” satire; readers must draw their own conclusions from the actions of the characters Comic Relief – Used to provide a contrast to the seriousness of the themes – Tone is ironic, dark, comic, absurd, satiric – Uses both verbal and structural irony

6. Character Development Character development is minimal, with the exception of Billy Vonnegut tells us in Chapter 8, “There are almost no characters in this story.” Characters are flat, one-dimensional caricatures

7. Themes

8. Human Reinvention Billy transforms from soldier to optometrist to evangelist for the Tralfamadorian philosophy Vonnegut reinvents himself: from soldier to scientist to public relations flak to popular writer Fact and fiction intermingle Billy’s experiences are fantasy; Roland’s one of the Three Musketeers, and Vonnegut is suggesting man creates his own picture of reality – often based on fantasy to help survive life

9. Relativity We make our own Truth. Nothing that happens can be judged as right or wrong. Perspective changes truth. Human perspective – death is feared… Tralfamadorian perspective death is a “hum”. “So it goes.” Vonnegut is undercutting the cynical, everything is relative attitude. After all, the Tralfamadorians destroy the universe.

10. Free Will is an Illusion Billy is not in control of his life. No control of time travel; when or where he will go. Sometimes good things happen, sometimes bad. Tralfamadorians teach Billy that only earthlings believe in free will. In reality, everything has happened before and will keep happening. Philosophy of life is called determinism or quietism.

11. Chronological Time is an Illusion. Like life, the structure of the novel is spastic, not linear. No traditional beginning, middle, or end. Satirizes traditional notions of time (Valencia “always has to know the time”). Time, “is just an illusion we have here on Earth that one moment follows another one,” Billy says.

12. Billy Pilgrim as Christ Figure Sleeps on the box car hanging from a sort of hook and is described as “self-crucified” He is an evangelist for Tralfamadorian philosophy Meek and persecuted, betrayed Compliments the theme of the apocalypse Billy shows little compassion or strength, but is at least fully human in his suffering and imagination.

13. Anti-War Dark humor throughout Billy recounts the bombing of Dresden in reverse, complete with munitions factories apparently dismantling bombs Shows the callousness and brutality of war

14. Victimizer and Victim; Apathy and Violence Soldiers deliver and receive violence. Germans do the same. All men promote war when they ignore or forget its terror, or resign themselves to it with a “so it goes” attitude, yet war makes victims of these same people. Apathetic optometrists killed in a plane crash except for Billy Complacent living is both dangerous and precarious

15. Dehumanization Science, religion, technology, materialism, mass media, authority figures, war, pronography… all dehumanize. Billy becomes dispassionate and desensitized.

16. Anti-American Novel is punctuated with sarcastic descriptions of American culture – Suburbs – Overweight people – Corporate culture – Weak American soldiers

17. Paradise and Innocence Billy and many characters are trying to return to a womb-like environment… a garden of Eden Billy likes to retreat to his room/bed He and Montana are Adam and Eve in a simulated Eden

18. Anti-Hero Billy is opposite of a typical hero protagonist. – Weak, ineffectual, fatalistic – Rare moments of courage and when he does, they are pathetic Vonnegut is ridiculing such conventional notions of heroism, suggesting they are fictions

19. Renewal Death is not the end Billy, after hearing the barbershop music, comes out of his deathlike apathy Billy’s survival of the bombing, thanks to the slaughterhouse, is metaphor for renewal after deep, subconscious experiences.