1. Organize the following levels of organization from simplest to most complex. Organism Biome Biological Community Ecosystem Population Biosphere

2.  Student Generated Data  Sorted Data- group words based on perceptions of how the terms fit together  Determine Concept Labels

4.  The study of relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environment organisms Biological community populations ecosystem biome biosphere

5.  Organism ◦ Individual plant, animal or single-celled life form.  Population ◦ Individual organisms of a single species sharing the same geographic location.  Species- An individual belonging to a group of organisms having common characteristics and are capable of mating with one another to produce fertile offspring.  Biological Community ◦ Interacting populations of species that occupy the same geographic region.

6.  Ecosystem ◦ Community of all living organisms (biotic) plus climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving (abiotic) factors  Biome ◦ Large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities ◦ Characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities  Biosphere ◦ All biomes combined including the earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere and surface.

7. Levels of Organization

8.  Biotic factors ◦ Living things  Plants, animals, fungi and bacteria  Abiotic factors ◦ Nonliving things  Moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil Balance of these factors determines which living things can survive in a particular environment.

9.  Ecosystem is a complex web of connected biotic and abiotic factors  Biodiversity ◦ Assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem  High area of biodiversity = rainforests  Rainforest covers less than 7% of Earth’s surface but accounts for over 50% of planet’s plant and animal species  Rainforests are considered hot spots (area that is rich in biodiversity)

10. A. Producers: organisms that get their energy from non-living resources; make their own food ◦ AKA  Autotrophs which means “self-nourishment”

11. 1. Photosynthesis- sunlight energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates (most producers).

12. 1. f 2. Chemosynthesis: process by which an organism forms carbohydrates using chemicals, rather than light, as an energy source ◦ Found in deep-sea vents, sulfur-rich salt marsh flats, hydrothermal pools

16. B. Consumer: organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources ◦ AKA  Heterotrophs means “different nourishment”

17.  Herbivores: Eat ONLY plants  Carnivores: Eat ONLY animals  Omnivores: Eat BOTH plants and animals  Scavengers: Eat carcasses of other animals  Decomposers: Break down organic matter into simpler compounds (into detritus)  Detritivores: Eat detritus ◦ detritus = dead organic matter

18.  Species that relies on one (or a small number) of food sources  Very sensitive to changes in availability of prey  Example: Snail Kite ◦ Depends on apple snail as its main food source

19.  Most species DO NOT rely on a single source of food  Varying diet  Example: Gray Wolf ◦ Eat elk, moose, white-tailed deer, beavers, mice

20.  All ecosystems depend on producers  ALL consumers are connected to producers  ALL consumers indirectly depend on the sun for their energy

21.  Simplest way to look at energy flow  Food chain- sequence that links species by their feeding relationships ◦ One producer and a single chain of consumers

22.  Primary consumers = herbivores  Secondary consumers = carnivores that eat herbivores  Tertiary consumers = carnivores that eat secondary consumers  Omnivores can be listed at different trophic levels Organisms may have multiple feeding relationships. Example: reef shark eats a parrotfish it is a secondary consumer; reef shark eats a triggerfish it is a tertiary consumer

23. Food Chain SUN

24.  Food Web- Model showing complex network of feeding relationships ◦ Stability of food web depends on the presence of producers

26.  Check HW  “Weaving the Web”  “Let’s Do Lunch- Cerebrotroph”

27.  One of the most basic needs that every living organism has is the need for energy.  Within an ecosystem there is a one way flow of energy ◦ Ecosystems get their energy from sunlight ◦ The energy flows up the food chain ◦ Some energy is dissipated (lost) ◦ Each level of the food chain contains much less energy than the level below

28.  The interactions that characterize the flow of energy from one organism to another are called Trophic Levels (levels of nourishment in a food chain/web).

29.  No limit in trophic levels, but only a portion of the energy that passes through any trophic level is stored in the bodies of organisms at the next level. ◦ Thus there are a smaller number of organisms in the next trophic level.

30.  Body uses energy for movement & growth, but the energy is mostly consumed to keep the body at its normal temperature ◦ Unused material is excreted as waste  Dissipation of energy between trophic levels can be as much as 90% ◦ Only 10% of energy is left to transfer to the next trophic level

31.  Energy Pyramid ◦ Diagram that shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain or food web ◦ The more levels between a producer and a consumer= the smaller percentage of the available energy

32.  Biomass Pyramid ◦ Compares the different biomass (amount of living tissue) of different trophic levels  Typically measured in grams of organic matter per unit area

33.  Pyramid of Numbers ◦ Shows the numbers of individual organims at each trophic level in an ecosystem  In some cases the lowest level may not be the largest level

35.  Habitat= where the organism lives (biotic and abiotic factors are included!)  Niche = how an organism lives in its environment ◦ Food: type of food, how it competes for food, where does it fit in food web ◦ Abiotic conditions: air temp and amount of water species can tolerate ◦ Behavior: time of day species is active, where and when it reproduces

36.  Competitive exclusion: two species are competing for same resources but one species dominates and pushes the other one out  Ecological equivalents: species occupy similar niches but live in different geographical regions

37. Lives in South America Live in Madagascar

38.  Two organisms fighting for the same limited resources  Organisms can have different niches but still compete for similar resources  Can occur between members of the same species

39.  Process by which one organism captures and feeds upon another organism  Herbivores can also be considered predators because they are preying on the plants

40.  Close ecological relationship between two or more organisms of different species ◦ Mutualism: Both organisms benefit  Bats and cacti flowers ◦ Commensalism: One of the organisms benefits while the other one doesn’t benefit or is harmed  Eyelash mites that feed on secretions and dead skin ◦ Parasitism: One organism benefits while the other one is harmed  Wasp laying eggs inside a caterpillar