2. JOHN F. KENNEDY THE NEW FRONTIER

3. JFK Only Catholic ever elected President - Why an issue? Youngest man ever elected as Pres. (43)… but who was youngest P? Won with the lowest popular vote majority in history 1st Pres. to appoint his brother to a cabinet position Attorney General (35) Youngest cabinet – “best and brightest” – Harvard educated as JFK was NOTE, he’s NOT an intellectual…but Jackie surrounded him with intellectuals

4. 1st Pres. born in the 20th c. The least healthy!! Speed reader - read 10 major city newspapers every morning over coffee Pulitzer Prize for “Profiles in Courage” but… HORRIBLE HEALTH – allergies, back, stomach, Addison’s disease, hearing loss, VD, etc. How sick was he? http://content.time.com/time/ magazine/article/0,9171,39375 4,00.html http://content.time.com/time/ magazine/article/0,9171,39375 4,00.html Commanded a PT torpedo boat in WWII Sunk by Japanese destroyer Helped get survivors to island- Medals

5. President Kennedy had a coconut from his island rescue made into a paperweight. It sat on his desk in the Oval Office. The message reads: "NAURO ISL…COMMANDER… NATIVE KNOWS POS'IT…HE CAN PILOT…11 ALIVE…NEED SMALL BOAT…KENNEDY"

6. ELECTION OF 1960 How different are the candidates? RICHARD NIXON, R Quaker, humble origins, from CA Political Experience in House, Senate & as Ike’s VP for 8 yrs. “Cold Warrior” - communism is chief threat to U.S. way of life JOHN F. KENNEDY, D Catholic, very wealthy, from MA, young Political Experience in House and Senate Also a “Cold Warrior” (& friend of McCarthy) VP Running Mate is Lyndon B. Johnson from Texas

7. JFK restraining his hot- tempered running mate, Lyndon Johnson

8. THE ROLE OF TV IN ELECTIONS JFK challenged Nixon to televised debates First televised presidential debates, series of 4 live Turning point in campaigns! After 1960 TV is the media of choice for candidates. Nixon is more skilled debater BUT JFK much more poised, youthful, attractive on camera Nixon had been sick looks awful, he sweats a lot (reason he lost?) 70 million people polled: TV viewers thought JFK won debate While radio listeners thought Nixon won

11. “THE CAMELOT YEARS ”

14. THE NEW FRONTIER Let’s get this country moving again! Inaugural Address: “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country….” “The torch has been passed to a new generation….” First time U.S. is led by people born in 20th century -- youthful, “vigor," confident, idealistic Chief Task is to stop the spread of communism NEW FRONTIER- Domestic Policy Agenda- attack poverty, strengthen the economy, better education, get people involved Enacted tax cuts to put $ in hands of consumers A conservative move? Trade Expansion Act – tariff cuts – up to 50% - with W. Europe Manpower Development & Training Act Medical Retardation & Health Centers Act

15. JFK and Congress Don’t work well together! Key legislative goals = Medicare for the elderly, higher minimum wage & assistance for education Downfalls = Southern Democrats stall a lot of legislation, especially dealing with Civil Rights JFK responds to that by issuing much policy through executive orders

16. THE SPACE RACE Soviet satellite in space first – Sputnik, 1957 JFK promotes NASA as part of economic stimulus (founded 1958 - Ike) U.S. Mercury I – 1958 Goal is to put a man on the moon by 1970 First “American” in space – Ham, the chimpanzee, 1961 First American to orbit the earth, 1962 JOHN GLENN First Americans to the moon: NEIL ARMSTRONG BUZZ ALDRIN MICHAEL COLLINS Apollo 11 - July 20, 1969 “The Eagle Has Landed”

17. APOLLO 11

18. JFK & FOREIGN POLICY JFK’s foreign policy goal: To reduce Cold War tensions while helping developing nations. “Flexible Response Policy,” Sec. Defense McNamara What is it?

20. Peace Corps Sent young Americans to perform humanitarian services to fight poverty & disease in developing third-world countries Projects included teaching English, community planning, medical assistance, building water and sewage systems. Signed up for 2 year hitches after through training Still exists today, a JFK LEGACY Alliance for Progress not as successful

21. Alliance for Progress Series of aid projects to Latin America, to make them strong to fight communist temptations Over a 10 years U.S. pumps over 20 billion into Latin & South America Money wasn’t always used in best way, but in Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, & some other central American nations it did really reform

23. BAY OF PIGS INVASION Major Failure Castro – controls Cuba, ‘59 / Soviet ties Ike & CIA planned to invade and overthrow Castro (training 2000 Cuban exiles for covert invasion) CIA thought local Cubans would rise up & assist the invaders JFK approves; invades in April, ‘61 No help from the locals – no air cover from JFK-- Castro surrounds & forces surrender of the invaders instead Exiles were jailed but eventually “ransomed” for $62 million worth of pharmaceuticals & humanitarian aid in 1963 Hurts JFK’s international reputation Seen as impulsive; unprincipled “Operation Mongoose” begins

26. Post WWII Occupation of Germany JFK meets with Khrushchev, June 1961

27. BERLIN WALL Failure Soviets (Khrushchev) demand that the U.S. recognize East Germany & give up the 4-power occupation of Berlin – they want us out of West Berlin Note: Khrushchev is furious over Bay of Pigs invasion! JFK refuses and Soviets build wall around West Berlin – August 1961…to stop flow from East to West Berlin Wall went up fast!! (see story below on notes page) Stands for almost 30 years as the most dramatic symbol of Cold War division in Europe Both sides begin heavy nuclear development (US – Minuteman) & testing & increase defense spending

28. See notes below re Checkpoint Charlie & No Man’s Land

29. Which view is which --- West Berlin? East Berlin?

30. “Walljumpers” About 5,000 made it About 200 did not Peter Fechter, August 17, 1962

31. THE WALL COMES DOWN 1989 See story below on notes page

32. Small portions have been left standing for historic value.

33. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS A Success! U.S. U-2 plane discovered long-range Soviet missiles & launch sites on Cuba Put there by Khrushchev (along with Soviet troops, tanks, etc.) to be prepared for the anticipated U.S. invasion of Cuba Dilemma faced by JFK:  Doesn’t want to back down to the Communists  If he invades or bombs, Khrushchev would take West Berlin or bomb U.S. bases in Turkey  Could lead to full-scale nuclear war Addresses the nation and advises of the situation on October 22, 1962 Game of “nuclear chicken” ensues – 13 tense days!

35. Presidents John F. Kennedy and Dwight D. Eisenhower Hear the conversation as JFK asks Ike for advice on the Cuban situation: https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=RF Adinz11CM

36. U-2 surveillance photo

37. U-2 surveillance photo: More Soviet missiles on their way to Cuba!

38. Impact Range of Soviet Missiles in Cuba

40. JFK orders naval blockade (“quarantine”) to keep out any more missiles & demanded Soviets dismantle missile sites Soviets made 2 demands of us: agree never to invade Cuba remove our missiles from Turkey RFK suggested we ignore 2nd & agree to the first only (later, comes out that U.S. privately agreed to 2 nd demand as well) Waited a tense 5 days before the Soviet ships turned around! JFK & Khrushchev set up White House-Kremlin ‘hot line” & agree to test ban treaty (1963) Khrushchev is finished –Replaced by Breshnev New arms race begins JFK urges “peaceful co- existence”

41. NUCLEAR TEST-BAN TREATY Both the Soviets and the U.S. had been involved in massive nuclear testing After Cuban Missile crisis, both sides agree to reduce risks of war ’63 - US, Soviets & British agree to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere, in outer space & underwater (but not underground).