1. WORLD HISTORY WORD WALL: “the big 100”
Anthony Salciccioli | Clarenceville High School | Grade 10

2. Unit I terms- “Foundations of World History: Eras 1-3, Beginnings to 300 

3. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
How you perceive history- it’s value, it’s importance, it’s usage
The different sides of a story. Even though the event happened, people will see it differently
Insert a map of your country.

4. HISTORICAL SCALE Amount of detail you bring to a historical event
Changing your levels of history from personal, local, national, world
Placing yourself in different timeframes. Projecting your self in the past and future
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

5. Primary sources The most original, unbiased piece of information.
Allows us to think for ourselves, free from bias
Insert a picture illustrating a season in your country.

6. How to assess claims
Most important thing I can teach you as a social studies teacher.
1. Intuition: (Hunch)
2. Authority: (Should I listen to this person? Are they experts on the subject?
Logic: Does this make logical sense?
Evidence: This is what always should be sought out.

7. Six steps to archeology
Archeology allows us to understand our human story by providing evidence on our distant past.
More of a hard science, than social science
1. Locate a site
2. Map
3. Excavate
4. Screen
5. Document
6. Laboratory Analysis
Insert a picture of an animal and or plant found in your country.

8. race Biologically, there is no race. We are all Homo Sapiens
There is significant difference in race sociologically.
Insert a picture illustrating a custom or tradition here.

9. Kingdom A country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen.
These are ruled along hereditary lines and are not democratic nor merit- based.
Insert a picture of the head leader of your country.

10. Civilization A group of people that possess 7 criterion
A group needs to have all 7 to be considered civilized.
Other peoples existed that did not meet these 7.
1. Cities- The engine of civilization
2. Advanced tools
3. Social Classes
4. Specialized Jobs
5. Writing
6. Organized Religion
7. Government and Laws

11. Empire
An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.
“Conquer and Expand”

12. Historical bias
A particular tendency, trend, inclination, feeling, or opinion, especially one that is preconceived or unreasoned. Whether favorable, or unfavorable, it is a belief that not objective.

13. City-state
A city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
Greece had over 1,000, so they were able to experiment with various ways of governance.
Insert a picture that illustrates some part of your country’s economy.

14. Hegemony
Leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.
Insert a picture of one of the points of interest for your country.

15. Cultural diffusion THE MORE PEOPLE YOU MIX WITH, THE MORE YOU LEARN.
Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. The mixing of world cultures through different ethnicities, religions and nationalities. It has increased with advanced communication, transportation and technology.
THE MORE PEOPLE YOU MIX WITH, THE MORE YOU LEARN.

16. Diaspora The dispersion of any people from their original homeland.
This has happened to groups that have faced push migrations.

17. Push vs. pull migrations
Reasons why people leave where they are.
Push factors are negative.
Pull are positive.

18. Historiography The study of historical writing.
We evaluate whether the information comes from a good or bad source.
Some sources are highly biased, so it validates the usage of primary sources.

19. Syncretism
The combining or attempted combining of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought.
This is most evident in the Chinese belief systems.

20. Cognitive dissonance
Feeling experienced when evidence presented violates what we were taught.
Part of process in finding evidence related to historical event.

21. Ethnocentrism
Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
Belief that, “one’s people” are superior to another.

22. Hunting and gathering Ways Homo Sapiens lived for millennia
Small groups that worked collectively
Was very effective
Began to go away 10,000 years ago when man shifted to Agrarian ways
Very few people on earth live this way now.

23. Agrarian societies Began when mankind filled up the world.
It took man roughly 170,000 years to fill world from East Africa to Southern South America
Sedentary populations led to major changes.

24. Cities Engines of Civilization
Emerged when Agrarian societies stayed sedentary for long periods of time
Where cities emerge give perspective to world hegemony throughout history.

25. River valley civilizations
These were the first four civilizations in history
They emerged in good climates, along rivers
The first four were Sumer (Tigris and Euphrates), Egypt (Nile), Indus Valley (Indus), China (Yellow)
All possessed the 7 criterions for civilization.

26. World religions Answer Fundamental Questions all people ask
Adapt to cultures where they spread
Are adopted by the political leadership
Are portable and have a message that transcends geography
Western ones are:
1. Judaism
2. Christianity
3. Islam
Eastern ones are:
4. Hinduism
5. Buddhism

27. 4 functions of religions
1. Cosmological- Answers the questions where man fits into cosmos
2. Mystical- Provides profound, transcendent experiences
3. Pedagogical- What is taught from generation to generation
4. Sociological- Provides a group to identify with and support networks.

28. Turning point
This is a historian’s reasoning device that eludes to key moments in history.
In other words, these hinge moments point history into an entirely different direction and serves as causation for future outcomes.

29. Unit ii terms: Era 4- Expanding and Intensified Hemispheric Interactions, 300 to 1500 C.E.

30. Population growth Caused by: 1. Invention of Iron
2. Farming and Pastoral Nomadism
3. Improved Crops
4. Usage of horses and camels
5. People living in denser populations boost immune systems.

31. Expanding networks of exchange
Routes Around 300 BCE to 300 CE, merchants, shippers, sea captains, and empire-builders extended and strengthened trade routes across Afroeurasia and the Americas.
Empires Empires required networks of military and political communication. These networks encouraged interaction of many kinds over long distances.
Writing With the appearance of alphabetic writing systems in Afroeurasia, people could communicate faster and easier than ever before.
Religions The appearance of world religions— Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, and Christianity—stimulated cultural interchange across political and cultural boundaries.

32. Pastoral nomadism
Are producers of food, and the size of their tribal or ethnic units increases accordingly. These groups raise livestock, and they move about within their established territory to find good pastures for their animals.

33. Collective learning
Human beings build our body of knowledge over time.
Those from the past have contributed inventions, innovations, and ideas that are still very much with us today.
This is one of the main reasons history is studied.

34. Silk road
The Silk Road was a network of trade routes, formally established during the Han Dynasty of China, which linked the regions of the ancient world in commerce.
This was the catalyst for the world to increase it’s interactions.

35. Trans-Saharan trade route
This was the route that connected Africa. Many commodities passed along these, the most important being salt and gold.
This was to Africa what the Silk Road was to Afroeurasia
This interconnectedness boosted immune systems along with economies.

36. Western civilization This is the lineage that began in Greece.
This Greek heritage was passed to the Romans….
Which was passed to the Byzantines…..
Which was passed to Europe….
Which was passed to the United States. We ultimately have Greek roots.

37. EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS
This is the portion of the world that follows Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism and Shinto.
They have high population centers and cultural similarities compared to the western world.

38. Dar al-islam
This is the area of the world under the rule of Islam , literally, "the home of Islam" or "the home of submission.“
This concept was the impetus for the spread of Islam beginning in the 7th century.

39. Dynastic cycle
Dynastic cycle is an important political theory in Chinese history. According to this theory, every dynasty goes through a culture cycle. A new ruler unites China, founds a new dynasty, and gains the Mandate of Heaven

40. Pandemics
These are serious diseases that kill large numbers of people throughout the world.
Although they are tragic, they have altered world history
i.e. Indigenous deaths through smallpox, European economy post-Bubonic Plague

41. Medieval times
In European history, the Middle Ages or Medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.

42. World zones
1. Afro-Eurasia: Africa and the Eurasian landmass, including offshore islands like Britain and Japan
2. The Americas: North, Central, and South America, plus offshore islands like the Caribbean Islands
3. Australasia: Australia and the island of Papua New Guinea, plus neighboring islands in the Pacific Ocean
4. The Pacific: Island societies such as New Zealand, Micronesia, Melanesia, Hawaii
(Antarctica is not considered a world zone because until very recently no people lived there.)

43. Unit iii terms: Era 5- The Emergence of the First Global Age, 15th-18th Centuries

44. Absolutism
A political theory holding that all power should be vested in one ruler or other authority. Kings and Queens believed they had complete control over government and the lives of their people
The most widespread political system in use in Europe and parts of Asia in

45. Divine Rights of Kings
The philosophical justification that monarchial rule comes from God’s will. Allows leaders to essentially do what they want.

46. The European Enlightenment
A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.
It was fueled by free-thinkers and philosophers and still has tremendous influence on modern education and government.

47. Age of discovery and exploration
Began with Portugal in the 15th Century and resulted in European nations navigating the earth to seek economic gains.
This initiated significant global changes.

48. European Miracle
“The European Miracle”, a term coined by Eric Jones refers to the sudden rise of Europe during the late Middle Ages.
REFORMATION + RENAISSANCE + SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION + ENGLIGHTENMENT + AGE OF DISCOVERY= EUROPEAN MIRACLE.
Europe went from poor, ignorant, and
backwater to having world hegemony in a
short time.

49. Nation-state
A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
In other words, the modern idea of being a citizen of a country….not a kingdom, dynasty, empire, fiefdom, etc. that we’ve seen in the ancient world.

50. Protestant Reformation
A 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches
Resulted in significant increases in literacy in Europe due to Luther’s promoting reading the bible in the vernacular, not Latin.

51. Counter-reformation
The period of Catholic resurgence beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.

52. Renaissance
A cultural movement that spanned from the 14th-17th Century that ended Medieval Times and brought renewal and growth to Europe.
Began in Italy and then spread outward to the rest of Europe
AFFECTED
Art
Religion
Music
Science
Philosophy
Politics
Literature
Architecture

53. Feudalism
The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

54. Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.

55. Capitalism
An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state that became the dominant economic system in Western World

56. Coerced Labor When people are forced to labor against one’s will
Types: Slavery, Bride buying, Child Labor, Indentured Servitude, Human trafficking, Impressment, Peonage, Penal Labor

57. Columbian Exchange
Vast Global economic exchange that started with Columbus when he returned to Spain in 1493, bringing plants and animals that he found in the Americas.
It caused a global population explosion and commercial revolution:

58. Great Dying
This occurred when Europeans arrived in the Americas. Up to 95% of indigenous people died due to European’s guns, germs (smallpox), and greed.

59. Global Interdependence
Mutual dependence at a global level. In other words, one country depends on another country for something and that country may depend on another country, which eventually creates global interdependence.

60. Mercantilism
Economic policy aimed at strengthening a national economy by exporting more goods than importing.
Often colonial powers forced their colonies to provide raw materials for these economies and then buy the finished products.

61. “gunpowder” Empires
These are the Empires that embraced the usage of firearms and subsequently gained power through the military might their weapons afforded them. These six are the European Empires, Safavid, Mughal, Russian, Ming China, and the Ottomans.

62. Unit iv: Era 6 - An Age of Global Revolutions, 18th Century to 1914

63. CONSTITUTIONALISM
This was when nations adopted Constitutions to serve as, “rule books” for running nations

64. DEMOCRACY
The word 'democracy' has its origins in the Greek language. It combines two shorter words: 'demos' meaning whole citizen living within a particular city- state and 'kratos' meaning power or rule. In short, it is a system where the majority rules.

65. INALIENABLE RIGHTS
These are rights that are indelible and cannot be taken away. For us, these are stated in the first Ten Amendments of our Constitution known as the Bill of Rights

66. CLASSICAL LIBERALISM

67. NATIONALISM
The strong belief that the interests of a particular nation- state are of primary importance. Also, the belief that a people who share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination.

68. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
It’s the idea that the power of this government comes from "We the People", that the American government, our government, is ruled by its people through their votes.

69. REPUBLICANISM
Republicanism is a system of government where people vote for people to speak
on their behalf. Here is where our 435 seats are in the United States

70. REVOLUTIONs during this time
Democratic- Many countries gaining sovereignty and adopting democracy.
Industrial- Economies and culture based upon the industrial process.
Abolitionism- Countries eliminating slavery.
Revolutions are a means of getting rid of the old way and replacing it with something new.

71. RULE OF LAW
This is an idea that began with the Magna Carta in and increased over time.
All people follow the law.
People will come and go, but the laws remain the same.

72. SECULARISM
Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and people.

73. SOCIAL CONTRACT
On a smaller scale, the teacher and student relationship demonstrates that mutual
sacrifices result in mutual benefits.

74. CAPITALISM
An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

75. Industrialization
When economies switched from agriculture to factories.
This created large cities and major global changes in regards to economy, culture, and hegemony.

76. LABOR UNIONS
These are groups of workers that band together in solidarity in order to create better working conditions for themselves.
Were the catalyst of the working class.

77. URBANIZATION
This is the process of people abandoning their rural roots and moving into cities.
In Detroit, immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, Blacks from the south (Great Migration)and whites from Appalachia moved here to work in factories.

78. WORKING CLASS
This class emerged during this time. The working class are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labor occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working- class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some white- collar jobs, and most service-work jobs.

79. IMPERIALISM
This was the process of a large, well-armed nation going to a smaller, militarily weaker nation and imposing their economic and social will.

80. Social Darwinism
The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals
Philosophy behind European imperial nations which demonstrated significant racism.
People of color throughout the world were subjugated due to this philosophy.

81. Unit 5: Era 7 - Global Crisis and Achievement, 1900-1945

82. Balance of power post war
In 1900 Europe had hegemony over the world.
By 1945, the balance of power shifted. After two World Wars and a Great Depression, the power shifted.
Former colonies became independent and the USA and USSR became the world’s superpowers.

83. Communism
This is a system of government where all resources are collectivized
It emerged in the Soviet Union after the Bolshevik Revolution ousted Czar Nicholas II.
Ultimately fails due to the lack of incentive.

84. Fascism
This is a philosophy where a leader has total control over the decisions facing a country.
Emerged in Spain, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the USSR
Adopted by the people in times of duress and crisis
Eliminated by a critical- thinking populace and democracy

85. Genocide
The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
They have occurred throughout history but there were two major ones during this time, the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust

86. Global great depression
Five causes were:
1) Inequality of Wealth
2) Protectionism
3) Stock Market Crashes
4) Overproduction of Agriculture
5) War Debts and Reparations

87. Holocaust
The Holocaust was the sum total of all anti-Jewish actions carried out by the Nazi regime between 1933 and 1945
It resulted in 13,000,000 deaths, including over 6,000,000 Jewish people

88. Militarism
The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

89. Industrialized weapons
These were weapons that were made using the industrial process
Their creation and implementation resulted in the bloodiest century in human history
More people were killed in the 20th century than all previous centuries combined.

90. Modernity
From , many inventions were created that ushered in the, “Era of Modernity”
These included the radio, airplane, automobile, assembly line, telephone, movies, and most importantly, electricity

91. Totalitarianism
A political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.

92. Atomic age
The period of history following the detonation of the first nuclear, or "atomic“ bomb, Trinity, on July 16, 1945, during World War II.
This changed the world irreparably as humans created the capabilities for world-wide suicide

93. Unit 6: Era 8- The Cold War and its Aftermath: The 20th Century Since 1945

94. Arms race and space race
A competition between the Superpowers for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons and advancements in space.
This fueled actions between the USA and USSR during the Cold War.

95. Civil disobedience
The refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.
This method was used during this time period to combat colonial powers, unjust governments, and in the struggle for full citizenship

96. Domino theory
The domino theory was a theory prominent from the 1950s to the 1980s, that speculated that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect.
Largely responsible for the Korean and Vietnam Conflicts, as well as several smaller incidents in the 1980’s.

97. Containment
Containment was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.

98. Cultural imperialism
This is when one culture of a large and powerful country, organization, etc. having a great influence on another less powerful country
This has increased since the end of the Cold War

99. Globalization
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

100. Mutual assured destruction (m.a.D.)
Mutual assured destruction, or MAD, is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender
This has been the pervasive philosophy of the Atomic Age

101. Brinkmanship
The art or practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits of safety before stopping, typically in politics.
This took place throughout the Cold War, with the Cuban Missile Crisis being the best example.

102. Decolonization
Decolonization is defined as the act of getting rid of colonization, or freeing a country from being dependent on another country. An example of decolonization is India becoming independent from England after World War II.
Happened throughout the post- World War world

103. Democratization
This was the process of nations moving from prior models of governance to democratic forms.
In 1920, there were 15 democratic nations, today 2/3 of the world uses a form of democratic government to run their nations.

104. Unit 7: Contemporary Global Issues, Past to Present

105. Ethnic cleansing
The mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.
This has been perpetrated by many radical regimes in recent years and is based on extreme religious and/or political viewpoints.

106. Fossil fuels
Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.
The burning of these has caused environmental damage.

107. GLOBAL WARMING
A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

108. 21st century Migrations
More than 70 million people have been forced to leave their homes because of conflict, political upheaval and disasters, as well as by climate change and development projects, and are now living as migrants.
This shift has, and will continue to, greatly effect world geopolitics

109. Natural resources
Natural resources are materials provided by the Earth that humans can use to make more complex (human-made) products.
World economies are based upon these and mankind faces challenges as they continue to be depleted.

110. Terrorism
This is when regimes use violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
9/11/01 is considered a turning point in terrorism and the world has been riddled with many attacks since then.
This has ushered in an era where often the need for security has lessened individual liberties.

111. Overpopulation
Overpopulation is a function of the number of individuals compared to the relevant resources, such as the water and essential nutrients they need to survive. It can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates, an increase in immigration, or an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources.
The world now has 7 Billion people living on it.

112. The information age
The Information Age (also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age) is a period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information computerization.

113. Final word….
Thank you for spending this year with me and I hope this class was a beneficial experience for you.
I wish you all the best in your future years and hope to keep in touch with many of you.
Now a final perspective to leave you with…..
watch?v=XH7ZRF6zNoc