1. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Disaster Management by Basudeb Bhatta Computer Aided Design Centre Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jadavpur University Annual Seminar on Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Conducted by 21 st Century Society for Geospatial Research & Development 17 April 2015

2. Disasters have become an issue of growing concern throughout the world. Disasters have strong negative implications on sustainable development through social, economic and environmental impacts. Remote sensing and GIS tools are highly effective in disaster management planning. Introduction

3. Disaster management planning is structured around the disaster management cycle model. Disaster Management Cycle Courtesy: K. E. Joyce, K. C. Wright, S. V. Samsonov and V. G. Ambrosia

4. All measures and planning that reduce the likelihood of a disaster occurring: Risk identification (potential threats) Modifying the hazard process (stopbanks or seawalls) Behaviour modification (prevent development in hazardous areas) Modifying assets at risk (strengthening buildings and infrastructure, raising floor heights) Reduction Planning

5. All measures to ensure any response to hazards is efficient and reduces hazard impacts: Public education (on hazards and their consequences, how these consequences can be reduced) Training (of emergency planners and responders) Installing monitoring and warning systems Exercising response plans Fostering community resilience Readiness Planning

6. All measures to respond quickly and effectively: Coordinated effort (to manage resources, life essentials) EvacuationRelief Search and rescue Needs assessment Response Planning

7. All measures for the restoration: Restoration of lifeline essentials Restoration of resources (forest, water reservoir) Rebuilding of communities Measures to reduce the risk of future disasters (‘Reduction Planning’ again) Recovery Planning

8. In order to successfully use RS/GIS techniques for disaster management, physical indicators of features or attributes within the disaster management cycle need to be identified. For the identification, selection of appropriate RS imagery is crucial. RS/GIS and Disaster Management

9. Based on spatial,spectral, temporal and radiometric properties of the image. Selection of Appropriate Imagery

10. Based on spatial,spectral, temporal and radiometric properties of the image. Selection of Appropriate Imagery

11. Optical Data Selection of Appropriate Imagery2007 2009

12. Thermal Data Selection of Appropriate Imagery2007 2009 Volcanic area, Italy

13. Microwave Data Selection of Appropriate Imagery2007 2009

14. RS/GIS applications for Reduction Type of information Data requiredSensor exampleApplication example Location of fault traces and rupture zones High resolution DEM Airborne LiDAR, SAR Use for land use planning around active faults to reduce risk from future development in fault hazard locations Fault displacement Interferometric SAR 1/2, ENVISAT ASAR, ALOS PALSAR Knowledge of fault displacement rates are used in numerical models in order to forecast the magnitude of possible earthquakes Flood plain mapping DEM Airborne LiDAR, 1/2, ENVISAT ASAR, ALOS PALSAR Identification of flood plains can help inform changes in land use, and identify areas developing protective measures (e.g. stopbanks) Land cover / land use Optical and polarimetric SAR IRS, ASTER RADARSAT-2 Used for catchment management planning to reduce flood and landslide risk

15. RS/GIS applications for Reduction Type of informationData requiredSensor exampleApplication example Vegetation change Consistent time series of data SPOT, ASTER RADARSAT-2 Determine drought zones, inform fire hazard mapping Determining lahar and lava flow paths DEM, high resolution optical imagery SAR, Airborne LiDAR,, AVNIR-2, ASTER Hazard zonation, public awareness, determining location of safety shelters Locating potential and actual unstable slopes DEM, Interferometric SAR, high resolution stereo optical imagery Airborne LiDAR, 1/2, ENVISAT ASAR, ALOS PALSAR, aerial photography Hazard mapping for infrastructure planning Baseline infrastructure maps Very high resolution optical imagery Aerial photography, Quickbird, Ikonos, Worldview Assist with hazard mapping to identify key infrastructure at risk - the risk can then be addressed through mitigation or built in redundancy. Can also be used for later damage assessment post-disaster Baseline topographic data Moderate to high resolution optical imagery, AVNIR-2, Aerial photography, Quickbird, Ikonos, Worldview Hazard modelling

16. RS/GIS applications for Readiness Type of informationData requiredSensor exampleApplication example Severe weather warnings RADAR, broadscale visible and infra red imagery GOES, NOAA, Meteosat Provide valuable advanced warning of severe events to the public and emergency planners via meteorologists Movement and ground deformation InSAR and PS-InSAR -1/2, ENVISAT ASAR, ALOS PALSAR Rate of movement for slow moving landslides. Often acceleration of deformation rates means that a large event is about to follow. Early detection of deformation in volcanic regions is used for forecasting of possible eruptions Soil moisture Long wavelength SAR SMAP Water shortage leading to drought and agricultural productivity decline, ability of soils to retain water to indicate flood and landslide potential

17. RS/GIS applications for Readiness Type of informationData requiredSensor exampleApplication example Ground temperature variability Thermal imagery, or SWIR in the case of very hot features ASTER, MODIS, AVHRR Monitoring heating and cooling cycles of volcanoes to understand pre-eruptive characteristics for forecasting purposes Coastal and bathymetric mapping SONAR, Laser depth ranging LADS, Topex Poseidon / Jason Tsunami hazard modelling Display and advertisement of potential hazards Moderate to high resolution optical imagery, often overlaying a DEM Aerial photography, Quickbird, Ikonos - usually using black and white or true colour composites for ease of understanding For use in public education about hazards and risks to foster greater readiness of individuals, households and organisations Use in civil defence emergency management exercises to provide realistic scenarios that will assist with staff professional development and planning Detecting sea temperature or atmospheric pressure change in cyclone/hurricane/ typhoon generating latitudes Broad scale thermal imagery, geostationary MODIS, GOES, AVHRR Advance warning of severe weather approaching to commence

18. RS/GIS applications for Response Type of informationData requiredSensor exampleApplication example InundationSAR, optical Radarsat,, ASTER Quickbird, Ikonos Determine magnitude, location and duration of impacts. Use SAR when cloud cover is still problematic Widespread storm or earthquake induced landslides SAR, moderate - high resolution optical Radarsat,, ASTER Quickbird, Ikonos Determine magnitude, location and duration of impacts. Volcanic ash and gases Shortwave infra red, thermal infrared GOES, TOMS/, MODIS Highly temporally variable, so minimum of daily imagery required. Used for volcanic ash advisories and to warn airlines of hazardous flight paths Public information during events High resolution optical imagery Quickbird, IkonosAssist those at risk to personalise hazard threat Ship locationSAR Terra SAR-X, Cosmo Sky-Med Locating ships in the ocean during storm Co-seismic and post- seismic deformation InSAR -1/2, ENVISAT ASAR, ALOS PALSAR Confirming magnitude of earthquake and forecasting possible aftershocks

19. RS/GIS applications for Recovery Type of informationData requiredSensor exampleApplication example Rate of recovery e.g. debris removal, vegetation regrowth, reconstruction Moderate to very high resolution imagery in a continuous time series Aerial photography, Quickbird, Worldview, Ikonos Compare the effectiveness of different recovery strategies; Determine if aid funding is being used appropriately; Wildlife habitat recovery (eg after fire); Identify "eresidual risk" - areas not recovered are more vulnerable to future events Infrastructure and facilities locations Very high resolution imagery Aerial photography, Quickbird, Worldview, Ikonos Create new baseline maps Revised DEMInSAR, LiDAR -1/2, ENVISAT ASAR, ALOS PALSAR Necessary after large earthquake or volcanic eruption if the local and regional elevation changes Status Quo Very high resolution imagery Aerial photography, Quickbird, Worldview, Ikonos Plan areas for funding allocation

20. Thank You