1. CH 3 Molecules of Life

2. Biosynthesis/Anabolism Catabolism

3. structural formula for methane ball-and-stick modelspace-filling model Different ways to illustrate molecules

4. ball-and stick model for the linear structure of glucose

5. six-carbon ring structure of glucose that usually forms inside cells

7. Functional Groups: groups of atoms that give the molecules to which they are attached specific characteristics and functions.

9. Simple changes in molecular structure can have significant effects on function. Which functional groups have moved?

10. Most complex biological molecules are broken down BY CELLS during catabolic metabolism (catabolism) by way of hydrolysis reactions Reaction Catalyzed by an Enzyme During the evolution of molecular complexity, before the evolution of the first protocells, the appearance of the hydroxyl functional group allowed small molecules (monomers) to combine into larger molecules (polymers).

11. Most complex biological molecules are synthesized BY CELLS during anabolic metabolism (anabolism) by way of condensation reactions (i.e. dehydration synthesis) Reaction Catalyzed by an Enzyme

12. H OHH H H H 2 OH CH 2 OH H OH H H H O O HHO H Glucose, a monosaccharide Carbohydrates

13. O OHH H H 2 OH CH 2 OH OH CH 2 OH OH H H O H 2 OH HHO H Glucose and Fructose Which is an Aldehyde? Which is a Ketone? Carbohydrates H OHH H H H 2 OH CH 2 OH H OH H H H O O HHO H

14. a Structure of glucoseb Structure of fructose glucosefructose sucrose+ H 2 O O O O O O HOOH HO H HHO OHH H 2 OH CH 2 OH H OH H H H H H 2 OH O HHO OHH H H 2 OH CH 2 OH OH CH 2 OH HOH H H O O Condensation (dehydration synthesis) Reaction between the monosaccharides glucose and fructose to form the disaccharide Sucrose

16. Complex Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)

18. Starch (Amylose) - how plants efficiently store glucose

19. Cellulose - how plants use glucose to provide themselves structure Hydrogen bonding holds cellulose chains together.

20. Glycogen - how animals efficiently store glucose

21. Keto-glucose amine (Chitin) - a polysaccharide modified for high strength and low mass Why is the monomer of chitin called “keto”- glucose “amine”?

22. Lipids: fats and oils

23. Types of Fatty Acids SaturatedMono-unsaturatedPoly-unsaturated Lipids

24. cis-fatty acid Trans-fatty acid cis-fats are good fats, trans-fats are bad fats

25. glycerol three fatty acids Triglyceride

26. Phospholipids two hydrophobic tails hydrophilic head Cell Membrane

27. Bee Wax Cholesterol Other Lipids

28. Amino Acids and the Proteins they Build

29. Proteins are long chains of amino acids

30. Fig. 3-15a, p.42 R

31. Amino Acids all have the same basic structure

32. Proteins are constructed by way of dehydration synthesis reactions, forming a peptide bond

33. A Dipeptide with a peptide bond

34. A Polypeptide with two peptide bonds and a third one on the way.

35. a primary structure b secondary structure The many levels of protein structure c tertiary structure d quaternary structure

36. Here, sucrase catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction and metabolizes sucrose to glucose and fructose.

37. Enzymes are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions. Here, hexokinase attaches a phosphate to a glucose molecule, trapping it inside a cell.

38. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction, allowing it to proceed.

39. Enzymes have optimum temperatures and pH at which they work most efficiently.

40. DNA DNA (and RNA) are long chains of building blocks called nucleotides. Just like proteins and the polysaccharides of starch and cellulose, nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotide building blocks. Segments of DNA called genes provide the instructions for the building of specific proteins.

41. What happens when mistakes are made in the DNA of a gene?

44. Biosynthesis/Anabolism Catabolism

45. Amylase: Starch  Maltose Starch is a polysaccharide, a large molecule of long, branching chains of glucose molecules. Amylase is an enzyme produced in saliva that cuts starch into smaller units of two glucose molecules called maltose. Amylase is made in the salivary gland cells where the gene Amy-1 is active. How is this Evidence for Evolution?