1. Topic 10.2-10.4

2. Women’s Movement Fighting for women’s rights was not new in the 1960s 1920-Right to vote For equality in education and the workforce

3. Remember Rosie the Riveter? Stereotypes still places women in the home (married and raising children) For a lot of women this was not the case Many needed to work to support their families WWII opened many new employment opportunities for women

4. Feminism Theory favoring the political, economic, and social equality of men and women

5. Betty Friedan 1963 - “The Feminine Mystique” Addressed the women who had everything society said they should want –Husband that is a good provider –Healthy children –House in the suburbs Many of those women were not happy Dissatisfaction of not being able to realize one’s own full potential Lost their identities within their families “Is this all?” Her book helped women realize that it doesn’t have to be

6. National Organization of Women (NOW) 1966 Friedan and others create NOW Sought fair pay and equal job opportunities Equal Employment Opportunity Commission –Created under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 –Take women’s rights seriously Attacked the false image of women in the media –Such as Advertising that used sexist slogans or photographs – Bring about passage of the Equal rights Amendment (ERA) Anna Pauli Murray NOW CO- Founder

7. Gloria Steinem  Gloria Steinem  writer, lecturer, editor, and feminist activist  1972 Creates “Ms. Magazine to offer different viewpoints from those in typical “women’s magazines”

8. Phyllis Schlafly vs. the Equal Rights Amendment Phyllis Schlafly ERA would provide equal rights for women Schlafly (and others) argued that the law would cause women to lose their femininity, as well as lead to: –Same-sex bathrooms –End to alimony payment –Military service

9. Roe vs. Wade Jane Roe clamed Texas law banning abortions violated her constitutional rights Lawsuit was filed against Henry Wade, Dallas District Attorney 1973-Supreme Court ruled that state laws preventing abortions within the first three months of the pregnancy violated women’s right to privacy

10.  The case was INSTANTLY controversial, and remains so to this day.

11. Setting the Scene Inspired by the civil rights and women’s movements Other ethnic and racial groups began to fight for equality during the 1960s and 1970s

12. Moving from farm to farm State to state to provide labor (plant and harvest crops) Some of the most exploited workers –Long hours –Low pay –Children had little opportunity for education Migrant farm workers

13. Cesar Chavez Born into Migrant labor family, experiences their suffering firsthand –Attended more than 30 different schools Believed that unions offered the best opportunity to resist the power of their employers 1962 Forms the United Farm Workers (UFW) to gain better pay and working conditions for migrant farm workers. Cesar Chavez

14. Utilized non-violent protest and hunger strikes to gain media attention for his cause. Growers refused to grant more pay, better working conditions, and union recognition Chaves organized a successful boycott of grapes picked on nonunion farms 1975 California passes a law requiring collective bargaining between growers and union reps

15. Gonzalo Mendez was born in Mexico in 1913. (Mendez, his mother, and her other four children moved to Westminster, California, in 1919) 1943, became a naturalized citizen of the United States In 1945, he went to register his children for school, Gonzalo expected that they would be attending Westminster Main School They would have to attend the Hoover School Argued that their children had been assigned to attend schools “reserved for and attended solely and exclusively by children … of Mexican and Latin descent” while other schools in the same system were “reserved solely and exclusively for children known as white or Anglo-Saxon children.” When there was no state law mandating their segregation, Federal court case that challenged racial segregation in Orange County, California schools. Its ruling held that the state could not segregate them based on race There was no state law requiring that Mexican Americans attend different schools Mendez v. Westminster

16. Court case which prohibited the segregation of Mexican-Americans in Texas. A problem arose when the Mexican Americans were forced to attend inferior public schools. In 1947, a Federal Court District Judge stated that the segregation of Mexican-Americans was unconstitutional. Delgado v. Bastrop

17. In 1950, Pete Hernandez, a migrant cotton picker, was accused of murdering Joe Espinosa in Edna, Texas At that time, no person of Mexican origin or with a Hispanic surname had served on a jury in Jackson County, Texas for at least twenty-five years, despite the fact that fourteen percent of the population of Jackson County was Hispanic. Gustavo Garcia, a Mexican-American civil-rights lawyer, agreed to represent Hernandez in order to challenge the systematic exclusion of persons of Mexican origin from all types of jury duty in at least seventy counties in Texas. At trial, Hernandez was found guilty by an all-white jury and sentenced to life in prison. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals upheld the verdict. The case was then appealed to the United States Supreme Court. Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous opinion of the court in favor of Hernandez and ordered a reversal of Hernandez' conviction. The Supreme Court accepted the concept of distinction by class, and found that in excluding Hispanics from jury duty, Texas had unreasonably singled out a class of people for different treatment. Hernandez v. Texas (1954)

18. In 1968, Demetrio Rodriguez and other parents of Mexican American students in the Edgewood Independent School District of San Antonio, Texas, filed a class action suit in U.S. District Court challenging Texas’ public school finance system. The plaintiffs argued that this led to better education for students in wealthier school districts and worse education for students in poorer districts Felt that Edgewood ISD and many others in the state were unable to provide that same quality education to their student due to lack of funds Ruled in favor of the plaintiffs Found that the state’s public school financing structure was unconstitutional and ordered the Texas Legislature to formulate a more equitable funding system. Edgewood ISD vs. kirby

19. Native Americans Most conflicts stemmed from treaties broken by the United States Dennis Banks and George Mitchell form American Indian Movement (AIM) Fight for treaty rights and increased opportunities for Native Americans Many highly publicized protests Dennis Banks

20. AIM uses publicity stunts to gain attention for their cause, forcibly occupying: –1969 – Alcatraz –November 20, 1969, to June 10, 1971 –Demanded control of Alcatraz –Could develop several Indian institutions, such as a center of Native American studies, a spiritual center and a museum

21. 1971 – Mt. Rushmore On June 6, 1971, AIM organized an occupation of Mount Rushmore The protest was non- violent and the protesters were removed by National Park Service staff and charged with trespassing

22. 1972 – Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington DC Lasted 6 days The occupiers agreed to leave the building –With the assurance that the White House would examine Eligibility of Indians for governmental services Adequacy of governmental service delivery quality, speed, and effectiveness of federal programs Indian self-government

23. 1973 – Wounded knee On February 27, 1973 members of the American Indian Movement seized the town of Wounded Knee Town was immediately blockaded by U.S. Marshalls and FBI agents Lasted for 71 days Ended with AIM group surrendering themselves and their arms –2 activist were killed

24. Their efforts eventually result in: –1972 The Indian Education Act – gave parents and tribal councils more control over schools and school programs –1975 The Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act –Upheld Native American autonomy or self- government –Let local leaders administer federally supported social programs for housing and education

25. The Silent Generation vs. the Baby Boomers

26.  The “Silent Generation” of the 1950’s was criticized for seeking out comfort and conformity rather than seeking change and progress.

27.  The “Baby Boomers” of the 1960’s were the complete opposite, emphasizing activism, individuality, and spontaneity.

28. Counterculture Examples of these “counterculture” ideals Sexual revolution –More freedom to make personal choices –Rejected traditional restrictions on behavior –Lived together without getting married or lived in communal groups (shared property and chores) Drug culture –Experience hallucinations –Possibility of death from an overdose

29. Protecting the Environment  1962 – Rachel Carson writes “Silent Spring” about the long term effects of the pesticide DDT. (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane)

30. The book has tremendous impact on the public, and DDT is Banned Stirs the public conscience about air and water pollution, oil spills, and toxic waste, among others.

31. April 22, 1970 - Americans celebrate the first annual Earth Day

32. 1970 – Nixon Create the Environmental Protection Agency –Created as an independent federal agency to administer the laws that affect the environment 1970 – Congress passes the Clean Air Act –Response to public concerns about air pollution –Control the pollution caused by industries and cars 1973 – Congress passes the Clean Water Act –Established regulations for preventing urban and industrial water pollution