1. The Reformation Martin Luther Ulrich Zwingli Jean Calvin

2. Europe Before Luther

3. Holy Roman Empire Began in 800 AD by Charlemagne Began in 800 AD by Charlemagne Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne The Holy Roman Empire was seen as a continuation of the Western Roman Empire which had ended in 476 AD The Holy Roman Empire was seen as a continuation of the Western Roman Empire which had ended in 476 AD The Emperor claimed that he was the Temporal Vicar of Christ on Earth and the Pope was the spiritual Vicar of Christ The Emperor claimed that he was the Temporal Vicar of Christ on Earth and the Pope was the spiritual Vicar of Christ

4. A Chance is seen to break the Emperor and Church’s Power In 1517 Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor. In 1517 Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor. The countries we now call Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Bohemia were the lands of Holy Roman Empire. The countries we now call Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Bohemia were the lands of Holy Roman Empire. Remember!-- Charles V was supported by the Pope and in turn Charles V supported the Church. Remember!-- Charles V was supported by the Pope and in turn Charles V supported the Church. This was Christendom—A bond between politics and the Church which promoted the Kingdom of God This was Christendom—A bond between politics and the Church which promoted the Kingdom of God Many principalities under the Empire wanted self-rule and taxation. Many principalities under the Empire wanted self-rule and taxation.

5. Enter Martin Luther, 1483 - 1546 Born in Eisleben, Germany Born in Eisleben, Germany His father wanted him to be a lawyer His father wanted him to be a lawyer Luther was a student at the University of Erfurt. Luther was a student at the University of Erfurt. On July 2 1505, Luther is returning from a visit to his parent’s house and is caught in a violent storm. On July 2 1505, Luther is returning from a visit to his parent’s house and is caught in a violent storm. Afraid in the storm Luther vows "St. Anne Help me! I will become a monk!" Afraid in the storm Luther vows "St. Anne Help me! I will become a monk!" Luther leaves school and joins Luther leaves school and joins the Augustinian Hermits. the Augustinian Hermits.

6. Luther Becomes a Monk The Augustinians were one of the four largest monastic orders during the Middle Ages. They followed the Rule of St. Augustine. Even though they were hermits they did not entirely seclude themselves from the word. They were active in scholarship, philosophy, and theology. The Augustinians were one of the four largest monastic orders during the Middle Ages. They followed the Rule of St. Augustine. Even though they were hermits they did not entirely seclude themselves from the word. They were active in scholarship, philosophy, and theology. Luther is a very devout monk but feels that before God he is never good enough Luther is a very devout monk but feels that before God he is never good enough In 1507, Luther becomes a Roman Catholic priest. In 1507, Luther becomes a Roman Catholic priest.

7. Martin Luther Scholar Luther travels to Rome on Luther travels to Rome on business for his order. business for his order. While on his pilgrimage he While on his pilgrimage he has a realization that “The just shall live by Faith” has a realization that “The just shall live by Faith” After returning from Rome, Luther assumes a teaching position at the Cathedral in Wittenberg, Germany After returning from Rome, Luther assumes a teaching position at the Cathedral in Wittenberg, Germany Luther begins to study the Bible, in particular the works of St. Paul. He begins to question some Church practices—especially indulgences. Luther begins to study the Bible, in particular the works of St. Paul. He begins to question some Church practices—especially indulgences.

8. Understanding Indulgences PURGATORY: A state of final purification after death and before entrance into heaven for those who died in God's friendship, but were only imperfectly purified; a final cleansing of human imperfection before one is able to enter the joy of heaven. Catechism of the Catholic Church PURGATORY: A state of final purification after death and before entrance into heaven for those who died in God's friendship, but were only imperfectly purified; a final cleansing of human imperfection before one is able to enter the joy of heaven. Catechism of the Catholic Church Praying for the forgiveness of sins is based on, 1 John Chapter 5: 16-17 Praying for the forgiveness of sins is based on, 1 John Chapter 5: 16-17 “If anyone sees his brother sinning, if the sin is not deadly, he should pray to God and he will give him life. This is only for those whose sin is not deadly. There is such a thing as deadly sin, about which I do not say that you should pray. All wrongdoing is sin, but there is sin that is not deadly.” “If anyone sees his brother sinning, if the sin is not deadly, he should pray to God and he will give him life. This is only for those whose sin is not deadly. There is such a thing as deadly sin, about which I do not say that you should pray. All wrongdoing is sin, but there is sin that is not deadly.”

9. Indulgences remove lesser (venial) not Serious (Mortal) sins An indulgence is a remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven, which the faithful Christian who is duly disposed gains under certain prescribed conditions through the action of the Church which, as the minister of redemption, dispenses and applies with authority the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and the saints." 81 "An indulgence is partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin." 82 The faithful can gain indulgences for themselves or apply them to the dead. 83 An indulgence is a remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven, which the faithful Christian who is duly disposed gains under certain prescribed conditions through the action of the Church which, as the minister of redemption, dispenses and applies with authority the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and the saints." 81 "An indulgence is partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin." 82 The faithful can gain indulgences for themselves or apply them to the dead. 83 81 82 83 81 82 83 Indulgentiarum doctrina Indulgentiarum doctrina Pope Paul VI Pope Paul VI

10. Pope Leo X was building a new basilica to St. Peter. To fund the building project Pope Leo X was building a new basilica to St. Peter. To fund the building project the Pope offered indulgences in return the Pope offered indulgences in return for donations to the building fund for donations to the building fund Luther was concerned that people were buying indulgences rather than going to confession Luther was concerned that people were buying indulgences rather than going to confession

11. Johann Tetzel, a Roman Catholic priest sold indulgences in Germany on behalf of Johann Tetzel, a Roman Catholic priest sold indulgences in Germany on behalf of Pope Leo X Pope Leo X He used one of the first advertising jingles! “When a coin in the coffer does “When a coin in the coffer does ring, a soul into heaven does ring, a soul into heaven does spring” spring”

12. October 31, 1517 Martin Luther creates a list of 95 items detailing where he believes the Pope is in error Martin Luther creates a list of 95 items detailing where he believes the Pope is in error Most items have to do with indulgences Most items have to do with indulgences He nails the items on the Cathedral door in Wittenberg He nails the items on the Cathedral door in Wittenberg

13. German Princes Rally To Luther Many German princes wanted to break the power of Charles V to tax and rule. Many German princes wanted to break the power of Charles V to tax and rule. Because of his position against the authority of the Church, and its emperor, Luther was supported by many rulers in Northern Germany Because of his position against the authority of the Church, and its emperor, Luther was supported by many rulers in Northern Germany Supporters of Luther had his 95 Thesis printed and distributed Supporters of Luther had his 95 Thesis printed and distributed Because of Guttenberg’s invention of the movable type printing press, Luther’s ideas Because of Guttenberg’s invention of the movable type printing press, Luther’s ideas spread rapidly throughout Germany spread rapidly throughout Germany and surrounding lands and surrounding lands

14. The Diet of Worms The Diet of Worms In 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Bull of Excommunication for Charles V to deliver to Luther In 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Bull of Excommunication for Charles V to deliver to Luther Charles was reluctant to deliver it because of Luther’s popularity Charles was reluctant to deliver it because of Luther’s popularity Charles V summoned Luther to the city of Worms (1521) to meet in front of the Diet (The Diet was an assembly of the nobles, clergy and representatives of the commoners) Charles V summoned Luther to the city of Worms (1521) to meet in front of the Diet (The Diet was an assembly of the nobles, clergy and representatives of the commoners) Luther was asked to recant 41 of his 95 thesis and some other writings he had made. Luther was asked to recant 41 of his 95 thesis and some other writings he had made.

15. Luther’s Reply to the Church and Emperor “Your Imperial Majesty and Your Lordships demand a simple answer. Here it is, plain and unvarnished. Unless I am convicted of error by the testimony of Scripture or (since I put no trust in the unsupported authority of Pope or councils, since it is plain that they have often erred and often contradicted themselves) by manifest reasoning, I stand convicted by the Scriptures to which I have appealed, and my conscience is taken captive by God's word, I cannot and will not recant anything, for to act against our conscience is neither safe for us, nor open to us. “Your Imperial Majesty and Your Lordships demand a simple answer. Here it is, plain and unvarnished. Unless I am convicted of error by the testimony of Scripture or (since I put no trust in the unsupported authority of Pope or councils, since it is plain that they have often erred and often contradicted themselves) by manifest reasoning, I stand convicted by the Scriptures to which I have appealed, and my conscience is taken captive by God's word, I cannot and will not recant anything, for to act against our conscience is neither safe for us, nor open to us. On this I take my stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen.” On this I take my stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen.” http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 5795012033506017886&q=diet+of+worms&total=84&s tart=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0

16. Support for Luther Fredrick The Wise was the sovereign of Saxony, Germany Fredrick The Wise was the sovereign of Saxony, Germany He faked a kidnapping of Luther after the Diet of Worms. He faked a kidnapping of Luther after the Diet of Worms. Luther was taken and hidden in Wartburg castle Luther was taken and hidden in Wartburg castle From the castle Luther From the castle Luther continued to write and it was continued to write and it was from here he translated the from here he translated the Bible into German Bible into German Fredrick the Wise Fredrick the Wise

18. Luther's Beliefs Sola Fide-Only faith is needed for justification. Good works are not needed for justification. Sola Fide-Only faith is needed for justification. Good works are not needed for justification.

19. Sola Gratia-Only God’s grace is needed for salvation. A person cannot do anything to save their self. Sola Gratia-Only God’s grace is needed for salvation. A person cannot do anything to save their self.

20. Sola Scriptura-Only scripture has authority. There is no authority in sacred tradition. Sola Scriptura-Only scripture has authority. There is no authority in sacred tradition.

21. Solus Christus-In Christ Alone. Solus Christus-In Christ Alone. Solus Christus is the teaching that Christ is the only mediator between God and man, and that there is salvation through no other (hence, the phrase is sometimes rendered in the ablative case, solo Christo, meaning that salvation is "by Christ alone"). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_solas#Solus_Christus_or_Solo_Christo_.28.22Christ_alone.22_or_.22through_Christ_ alone.22.29

22. Soli Deo Gloria –In God Alone Soli Deo Gloria –In God Alone Soli Deo gloria is the teaching that all glory is to be due to God alone, since salvation is accomplished solely through His will and action — not only the gift of the all-sufficient atonement of Jesus on the cross but also the gift of faith in that atonement, created in the heart of the believer by the Holy Spirit. The reformers believed that human beings—even saints canonized by the Roman Catholic Church, the popes, and the ecclesiastical hierarchy—are not worthy of the glory that was accorded them. That is that one should not exalt such humans for their good works, but rather praise and give glory to God who is the author and sanctifier of these people and their good works.atonementJesusthe crossHoly Spirit canonizedsanctifier http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fi ve_solas# Solus_Chri stus_or_S olo_Christ o_.28.22C hrist_alone.22_or_.22 through_C hrist_alone.22.29

23. Consubstantiation-Jesus is with the bread and wine Consubstantiation-Jesus is with the bread and wine

24. Priesthood of all believers-no need for priests. Individuals could go to God their self. Priesthood of all believers-no need for priests. Individuals could go to God their self.

25. Church should use the common language of the people. Bibles Church should use the common language of the people. Bibles and services and services should be in the language of the should be in the language of the people. (German) people. (German)

26. The Luther Rose, also known as the Luther Seal, is easily the most recognized symbol for Lutheranism, and for good reason. Martin Luther personally oversaw the creation of this symbol. It provides a beautiful summary of his faith, a faith that is common to all Christians, of every place and every time. The Luther Rose, also known as the Luther Seal, is easily the most recognized symbol for Lutheranism, and for good reason. Martin Luther personally oversaw the creation of this symbol. It provides a beautiful summary of his faith, a faith that is common to all Christians, of every place and every time. http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=11221 http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=11221

27. Things Get Bloody!

28. Peasant’s Revolt! In 1525 there is a revolt of people who are mainly farmers and workers. The revolutionaries were joined by some nobility. In 1525 there is a revolt of people who are mainly farmers and workers. The revolutionaries were joined by some nobility. The revolt is based upon economic conditions The revolt is based upon economic conditions The Peasants demand 12 “Articles” that they feel are based upon the Bible. The Peasants demand 12 “Articles” that they feel are based upon the Bible.

29. The 12 Articles 1.The right of each community to choose and depose its own pastor 2.An end to the small tithes of cattle for lay and ecclesiastical lords. 2.An end to the small tithes of cattle for lay and ecclesiastical lords. 3.Release from serfdom. 4.Free access to fish and game. 5.Free access to firewood as needed. 6.An investigation of excessive tenural services. 7.Strict observance by the lords of the agreements made with their servants. 8.New rent assessments, based on equity and justice. 9.The basing of legal judgments, that is, punishments, on customary law rather than on constantly appearing arbitrary new laws. 10.The return of expropriated common fields. 11.Abolition of the death tax. 12.The Bible and "divine law" justifies these demands.

30. Protestants The areas where Luther’s ideas were supported began to change Catholic practices and even outlawed masses The areas where Luther’s ideas were supported began to change Catholic practices and even outlawed masses The Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in 1529 said that the areas were these new religious practices were being done could not make anymore changes to Catholicism or forbid the Mass The Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in 1529 said that the areas were these new religious practices were being done could not make anymore changes to Catholicism or forbid the Mass Frederick the Wise and many other leaders entered a protest that this ruling was unfair Frederick the Wise and many other leaders entered a protest that this ruling was unfair They did not want to allow Catholicism in their lands— They felt that Catholicism should not be tolerated They did not want to allow Catholicism in their lands— They felt that Catholicism should not be tolerated Since they protested the mandate of the Diet they became known as Protestants (literally—Protesters against Catholicism) Since they protested the mandate of the Diet they became known as Protestants (literally—Protesters against Catholicism)

31. Europe after Martin Luther

32. Switzerland is the next country of the Reformation Switzerland was divided into 13 city-states or CANTONS Switzerland was divided into 13 city-states or CANTONS The cantons were self governing. The cantons were self governing. They were technically part of the Holy Roman Empire but they acted independently. They were technically part of the Holy Roman Empire but they acted independently. Some of the cantons Some of the cantons were forested areas. were forested areas. Others were cities like Others were cities like Geneva and Zurich Geneva and Zurich

33. Ulrich Zwingli Zwingli was a priest in Zurich Zwingli was a priest in Zurich Zwingli was a popular and powerful priest in Zurich. He was given the title “The People’s Priest” Zwingli was a popular and powerful priest in Zurich. He was given the title “The People’s Priest” When the Protestant movement came to Switzerland Zwingli joined it When the Protestant movement came to Switzerland Zwingli joined it Zwingli differed from Luther in theology Zwingli differed from Luther in theology

34. Strict Biblical Interpretation If it isn’t mentioned or allowed in the Bible it should not be believed or practiced by Christians (Luther believed that if the Bible didn’t directly prohibit something it was allowable.) If it isn’t mentioned or allowed in the Bible it should not be believed or practiced by Christians (Luther believed that if the Bible didn’t directly prohibit something it was allowable.) The Bible was to be literally interpreted. The Bible was to be literally interpreted. There was no room for different interpretations of scripture. There could be only one literal meaning of Old and New Testament readings. There was no room for different interpretations of scripture. There could be only one literal meaning of Old and New Testament readings. http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/REFORM/ ZWINGLI.HTM

35. Beliefs of Zwingli Music, statues and sacraments were removed from churches Music, statues and sacraments were removed from churches He saw the Mass as a commemoration and not a sacrifice. He believed Christ was not present in the Eucharist He saw the Mass as a commemoration and not a sacrifice. He believed Christ was not present in the Eucharist He was against Lenten fasting and Good Friday observance because he saw it as non- Biblical He was against Lenten fasting and Good Friday observance because he saw it as non- Biblical The rules of the Bible were The rules of the Bible were absolute and non-negotiable

36.  Zwingli believed that government was the visible church on earth  The government could excommunicate a person and pass laws to dictate proper behavior for a Christian  The sacraments were merely signs of faith performed by the faithful and they did not bestow grace or any other supernatural gifts.  Baptism did not remove sin but only welcomed a person into the community. Zwingli Continued

37. Zwingli’s Influence Zwingli’s was the first Reformed Church because he reformed the ideas of Luther Zwingli’s was the first Reformed Church because he reformed the ideas of Luther Zwingli may have influenced Calvin. After they meet to discuss the Eucharist, they both decided that Jesus was not present with the bread and wine Zwingli may have influenced Calvin. After they meet to discuss the Eucharist, they both decided that Jesus was not present with the bread and wine Luther and Zwingli met and did not reach an agreement. Luther believed Luther and Zwingli met and did not reach an agreement. Luther believed in consubstantiation and in consubstantiation and Zwingli didn’t. Zwingli didn’t.

38. Zwingli’s Influence cont. There are no churches that claim to be Zwinglian in their theology but his effects are prominent in the American colonies There are no churches that claim to be Zwinglian in their theology but his effects are prominent in the American colonies Zwingli strongly influenced Puritan colonists Zwingli strongly influenced Puritan colonists Social organization Social organization based on strict based on strict Biblical interpretation Biblical interpretation is a legacy of Zwingli is a legacy of Zwingli

39. Luther and Zwingli Meet Luther and Zwingli met at Marburg Luther and Zwingli met at Marburg They wrote a series of common beliefs They wrote a series of common beliefs The Marburg Confessions had 15 articles but Luther and Zwingli could not agree on all 15! The Marburg Confessions had 15 articles but Luther and Zwingli could not agree on all 15! They did agree on 14 but they differed on the presence of Christ in the Eucharist They did agree on 14 but they differed on the presence of Christ in the Eucharist With this disagreement there became two distinct protestant confessions-The Lutheran and the Reformed confessions With this disagreement there became two distinct protestant confessions-The Lutheran and the Reformed confessions

40. Death of Zwingli The Swiss cantons controlled by the followers of Zwingli went to war against the Roman Catholic cantons The Swiss cantons controlled by the followers of Zwingli went to war against the Roman Catholic cantons The first war ended in a truce..but peace did not last The first war ended in a truce..but peace did not last Zwingli tried to force the Catholic Zwingli tried to force the Catholic cantons to allow protestant cantons to allow protestant preachers within their borders. preachers within their borders. In a surprise move the Catholic In a surprise move the Catholic cantons attacked and defeated cantons attacked and defeated Zwingli’s army. Zwingli dies in the battle Zwingli’s army. Zwingli dies in the battle

41. Calvin and Hobbes John Calvin and Thomas Hobbes

42. Jean Calvin

43. John Calvin (1509-1564) was a trained lawyer. He was invited to Geneva Switzerland to build a reformed church. Calvin believed in literal interpretation of the Bible (as did Zwingli). He also believed that the government should not be run by ministers of the church but should be a Theocracy run by lay people in the church. These lay leaders would build a government whose laws were based upon Christian interpretation of the Bible. John Calvin (1509-1564) was a trained lawyer. He was invited to Geneva Switzerland to build a reformed church. Calvin believed in literal interpretation of the Bible (as did Zwingli). He also believed that the government should not be run by ministers of the church but should be a Theocracy run by lay people in the church. These lay leaders would build a government whose laws were based upon Christian interpretation of the Bible.

44. Calvin wrote The Institute of The Christian Church in which he combined Sociology, Theology and Politics. Calvin’s reforms became the predominant type of Protestantism from the 17th century on. He was a huge influence on later reformers including John Knox (Founder of the Presbyterian Church), and the Puritan movement. Calvin wrote The Institute of The Christian Church in which he combined Sociology, Theology and Politics. Calvin’s reforms became the predominant type of Protestantism from the 17th century on. He was a huge influence on later reformers including John Knox (Founder of the Presbyterian Church), and the Puritan movement.

45. Total depravity= T Total depravity= T Unconditional Election= U Unconditional Election= U Limited atonement= L Limited atonement= L Irresistible Grace= I Irresistible Grace= I Perseverance of the saints=P Perseverance of the saints=P Tulip

46. John Calvin wrote: In conformity, therefore, to the clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert, that by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction. We affirm that this counsel, as far as concerns the elect, is founded on his gratuitous mercy, totally irrespective of human merit; but that to those whom he devotes to condemnation, the gate of life is closed by a just and irreprehensible, but incomprehensible, judgment. In the elect, we consider calling as an evidence of election, and justification as another token of its manifestation, till they arrive in glory, which constitutes its completion. As God seals his elect by vocation and justification, so by excluding the reprobate from the knowledge of his name and the sanctification of his Spirit, he affords an indication of the judgment that awaits them. In conformity, therefore, to the clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert, that by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction. We affirm that this counsel, as far as concerns the elect, is founded on his gratuitous mercy, totally irrespective of human merit; but that to those whom he devotes to condemnation, the gate of life is closed by a just and irreprehensible, but incomprehensible, judgment. In the elect, we consider calling as an evidence of election, and justification as another token of its manifestation, till they arrive in glory, which constitutes its completion. As God seals his elect by vocation and justification, so by excluding the reprobate from the knowledge of his name and the sanctification of his Spirit, he affords an indication of the judgment that awaits them. From John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, translated by John Allen. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/calvin-predestin2.html From John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, translated by John Allen. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/calvin-predestin2.html

47. Reformed Churches in U.S.A. Christian Reformed Church in North America - 198,000 Christian Reformed Church in North America - 198,000 Hungarian Reformed Church in America - 6,000 Hungarian Reformed Church in America - 6,000 Netherlands Reformed Congregations in North America - 9,047 Netherlands Reformed Congregations in North America - 9,047 Protestant Reformed Churches in America - 6,730 Protestant Reformed Churches in America - 6,730 Reformed Church in America - 293,147 Reformed Church in America - 293,147 Reformed Church in the United States - 4,257 Reformed Church in the United States - 4,257 Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church - 40,600 Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church - 40,600 Cumberland Presbyterian Church - 86,049 Cumberland Presbyterian Church - 86,049 Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America - 15,142 Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America - 15,142 Evangelical Presbyterian Church - 63,447 Evangelical Presbyterian Church - 63,447 Korea-American Presbyterian Church Korea-American Presbyterian Church Orthodox Presbyterian Church - 25,302 Orthodox Presbyterian Church - 25,302 Presbyterian Church in America - 299,055 Presbyterian Church in America - 299,055 Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) - 3,561,184 Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) - 3,561,184 Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America - 6,105 Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America - 6,105

48. Soteriology : theology dealing with salvation especially as effected by Jesus Christ http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/soteriology : theology dealing with salvation especially as effected by Jesus Christ http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/soteriology Calvinism Calvinism Arminianism Arminianism Wesleyanism Wesleyanism –All have different views of how salvation is granted

49. Calvinism (Reformed Church, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, some Baptists) Everybody is spiritually dead Everybody is spiritually dead God predestines or determines who will be saved they are called the elect. God predestines or determines who will be saved they are called the elect. Christ’ sacrifice on the Cross only saved the elect Christ’ sacrifice on the Cross only saved the elect If God chooses to save someone they cannot resist God’s grace If God chooses to save someone they cannot resist God’s grace Once God chooses a person they can never lose their salvation, even if they do wrong. Once God chooses a person they can never lose their salvation, even if they do wrong.

50. Arminianism (Anglicans, Churches of Christ, Disciples of Christ, Church of the Nazarene, Pentecostals, Seventh Day Adventists) Atonement is meant for all Atonement is meant for all Jesus’ death atones for people’s sins Jesus’ death atones for people’s sins Grace is resistible Grace is resistible A person has free will to accept or reject God’ A person has free will to accept or reject God’ God determines who will be saved but he will save everyone who believes in Christ God determines who will be saved but he will save everyone who believes in Christ All believers are predestines to eternal life and glory. All believers are predestines to eternal life and glory. Apostasy through a deliberate rejection of Christ will result in a loss of salvation Apostasy through a deliberate rejection of Christ will result in a loss of salvation

51. Wesley’s (Methodists) Humans are sinful are sinful but can be saved by God’s grace (Deprivation) Humans are sinful are sinful but can be saved by God’s grace (Deprivation) All of humanity has been called to election but humans are free to choose. All of humanity has been called to election but humans are free to choose. Atonement through Jesus’ death is available to all Atonement through Jesus’ death is available to all Grace is resistible, it is offered without merit but humans have free will to reject it. Grace is resistible, it is offered without merit but humans have free will to reject it. Even after being assured salvation we can still defiantly reject God. Even after being assured salvation we can still defiantly reject God.

52. Roman Catholicism Humans are by nature religious and good Humans are by nature religious and good Grace is a free gift from God and is conferred at Baptism Grace is a free gift from God and is conferred at Baptism The other sacraments also confer grace. Jesus instituted the sacraments and they exist in His Church. The other sacraments also confer grace. Jesus instituted the sacraments and they exist in His Church. People cannot earn salvation but cooperate in their salvation by doing good works as a result of the grace received. They receive Sanctifying Grace. People cannot earn salvation but cooperate in their salvation by doing good works as a result of the grace received. They receive Sanctifying Grace. Catholics also see justification as a gift from God but one that requires our consent of faith. Through our consent we merit God’s free gift of salvation and are sanctified (made holy) Catholics also see justification as a gift from God but one that requires our consent of faith. Through our consent we merit God’s free gift of salvation and are sanctified (made holy)

53. We have free will to choose God. Infused with God’s grace the person can perform works of charity which merit further sanctification, our efforts are pleasing to God, and keep our relationship with God, but our actions alone do not earn salvation. We have free will to choose God. Infused with God’s grace the person can perform works of charity which merit further sanctification, our efforts are pleasing to God, and keep our relationship with God, but our actions alone do not earn salvation. We do not earn justification but it is freely given. But, we must freely stay in relationship with God to keep our salvation. Salvation can be lost through our own choice. We do not earn justification but it is freely given. But, we must freely stay in relationship with God to keep our salvation. Salvation can be lost through our own choice.

54. Koinonia JOINT DECLARATION ON THE DOCTRINE OF JUSTIFICATION JOINT DECLARATION ON THE DOCTRINE OF JUSTIFICATION by the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church by the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church June 16, 1998 June 16, 1998 "The understanding of the doctrine of justification set forth in this Declaration shows that a consensus in basic truths of the doctrine of justification exists between Lutherans and Catholic s “ Joint Declaration of Faith p 40 "The understanding of the doctrine of justification set forth in this Declaration shows that a consensus in basic truths of the doctrine of justification exists between Lutherans and Catholic s “ Joint Declaration of Faith p 40

55. On the basis of this consensus the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church declare together: "The teaching of the Lutheran churches presented in this Declaration does not fall under the condemnations from the Council of Trent. The condemnations in the Lutheran Confessions do not apply to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church presented in this Declaration" (JD 41). On the basis of this consensus the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church declare together: "The teaching of the Lutheran churches presented in this Declaration does not fall under the condemnations from the Council of Trent. The condemnations in the Lutheran Confessions do not apply to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church presented in this Declaration" (JD 41). http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/pccuj nt1.htm