1. GM Technology: Basic concepts, methods and application in Human welfare Jebunnesa Chowdhury Assistant Professor Biotechnology

2. The world problem : a classical “trilemma” 1.The world population increases by every year:  In 2050 the planet has to feed 3 billion more people  According to FAO, in 2010 one billion people are already starving  Another billion is suffering from “hidden hunger” (lack of micronutrients) 2. Area of arable is decreasing (about 1% per year) 3. The increase in agricultural productivity is estimated to be < 1% annually

3. Limited Arable land: o 1.5 Billion ha arable land worldwide o ca. 700 Mio. Ha for 80% of the world population o1960 - 0.44 ha per head o 2000 - 0.22 ha per head o 2050 - < 0.13 ha per head

4. Facts of Bangladesh Area : 144,000 sq km Population : 150 million By 2015 population expected to be > 165 million Population density : ~ 950/sq. km Arable land : 14 million ha (60.7%) Flood Prone : 1.5 million ha Drought Prone : 5.05 million ha Salinity areas : 3.0 million ha Decrease of Arable land : 1.2 % per year Natural Disasters:Flood, drought, cyclones Population Below Poverty Level : 36% The population of Bangladesh will be increased by 7 063 persons daily in 2016.

5. Agriculture and Food Security in Bangladesh  The share of agriculture to the total GDP is about 25 per cent, employed about two-thirds population.  Food production increased by 150 per cent and significantly reducing hunger and poverty.  Agriculture, a way of life in Bangladesh, has been and will continue as the primary base of livelihood and economy of the country.

6. Challenges of Agriculture  Despite increase in food production malnutrition persists among 35 - 45% population.  Dual challenge of feeding a rapidly growing population and an increasing scarce and threatened agricultural resource base (land, water and biodiversity).  Limited resources and low agricultural productivity.  Production of sufficient food at affordable prices for an additional 50 million people in the coming 15 years.  The average yield of all food crop must be doubled in the coming 15 years.  There is an urgent need for productivity enhancement of agricultural crops/animals and nutritional quality improvement.

7.  “Green Revolution” significantly contributed increased food production in many countries of South East Asia  e.g. in India wheat production increased 10-folds and feeding three times as many people  In 1970s population of Bangladesh was 75 million and food deficit was 30 million Mton  At present population is about 150 million, but due to introduction of HYVs Bangladesh is more or less self sufficient in food grain production, provided there is no serious natural disasters

8.  However, this revolution has already been exploited to its limit and by the course of time many pathogens developed their resistance  Alternative solutions are required to breed improved crops

9. Biotechnology/GM Technology can be one of the potential options for solving growing problems of agricultural production

10. Biotechnology consists of gradient of technology ranging from traditional biotechnology to modern biotechnology based on recombinant DNA technology M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 M 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 H 2 O + - Golden rice M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 M 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 H 2 O + - M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 M 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 H 2 O + - M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 M 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 H 2 O + - M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 M 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 H 2 O + - Golden rice M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 M 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 H 2 O + -

11. GM/GMO Definition:  An organism whose genetic characteristics have been altered using the techniques of genetic engineering.  A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.organismgeneticgenetic engineering Organisms that have been genetically modified include micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals. GMOs are the source of genetically modified foods, and are also widely used in scientific research and to produce goods other than food.genetically modified foods The term GMO is very close to the technical legal term, 'living modified organism' defined in the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which regulates international trade in living GMOs (specifically, "any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology").technical legal termCartagena Protocol on Biosafety

12. Definition: Genetically Modified OrganismsGenetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) refer to plants and animals with an altered genetic make-up. GMOs are generally altered or manipulated by a non-natural means in order to incorporate genes from another organism. Usually genetic engineering (GE) is done to achieve a trait not normally held by an organism, such as longer shelf life, disease resistance or different colors or flavors.

13. Suntory "blue" rose GloFishGloFish, the first genetically modified animal to be sold as a petpet

14. Genetic Engineering  Genetic engineering is the basic tool set of biotechnology.  Genetic Engineers can alter the DNA code of living organisms.  Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism’s genes to create a desired characteristic.  Genetic engineering involves: Isolating genes. Modifying genes so they function better. Preparing genes to be inserted into a new species. Developing transgenes.

15.  Genetic engineering, also known as recombinant DNA technology, means altering the Genes in a living organism to produce a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) with a new genotype.  Various kinds of genetic modification are possible: inserting a foreign gene from one species into another, forming a transgenic organism; altering an existing gene so that its product is changed; or changing gene expression so that it is translated more often or not at all.

16. Desired gene Traditional plant breeding DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at once. Traditional donorCommercial varietyNew variety Desired Gene X = (crosses) ( many genes are transferred ) Plant biotechnology ( G.E ) Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand. Desired geneCommercial varietyNew variety (transfers) = Desired gene ( only desired gene is transferred )

17. Conventional breeding

18. Wheat Rye Triticale X Interspecific Cross New species, but NOT biotechnology products

19. Historical background of Transformation/Genetic engineering In 1928 Transformation was first demonstrated by Frederick Griffith. In 1944 this "transforming factor" was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery et al.They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria "transformation.“ In 1972 Stanley Cohen et al. successfully transformed Escherichia coli by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride. In 1980 Transformation using Electroporation was developed. In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid. In 1990 Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System (gene gun) by John Sanford.

20. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Anton van Leeuwenhoek Discovered cells –Bacteria –Protists –Red blood

21. Gregor Johan Mendel Discovered genetics

22. Walter Sutton Discovered Chromosomes

23. Thomas Hunt Morgan Discovered how genes are transmitted through chromosomes

24. Ernst Ruska Invented the electron microscope

25. Sir Alexander Fleming Discovered penicillin

26. Rosalind Elsie Franklin Research led to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA

27. James Watson and Francis Crick Discovered DNA

28. Paul Berg 1972 Stanford University scientist who first developed recombinant DNA technology, a method for insertion of genetic material from one organism into another

29. Mary-Claire King Mapped human genes for research of cancer treatments

30. Ian Wilmut Created the first true clone, the Dorset ewe Dolly