2. Victor.Hugo “…in our minds,Chinese are barbarous But you see what the civilized did to the barbarous”

3. The Opium War 1840-1842

4. poppy Beautiful red flower

5. white milk

6. black opium

7. Background Nation China British Government Economy Military Diplomacy down-coming feudalismup-rising imperialism self-sufficient economy“workshop of the world” backward army most powerful military in the world “closed-door” policy set up colony all over the world

8. the total number of opium smokers in China in the 1830’s was as high as 12 million

9. “If we continue to allow this trade to flourish in a few dozen years we will find ourselves not only with no soldiers to resist the enemy but also with no money to equip the army” Lin Ze-xu

11. Special commissioner Lin Ze-xu

12. Lin forced foreign merchants to hand over 20,000 chests of opium and burned it in a public demonstration and scatter the ashes across the sea

13. In June 1840,the British Expeditionary Army arrived in the Chinese waters. The first Opium war began

14. 1840 1841 － 1842 Map of the opium war 广州 厦门 定海 白河口 南京

15. On August 29 th 1842,the Treaty of Nanjing was signed between the British and the Chinese

16. Contents of the Treaty of Nanjing Hong kong was surrendered to the British Chinese government paid 21 million dollars as war indemnity The opening of Guangzhou,Fuzhou,Xiamen, Ninbo and Shanghai ports for trade The import tax of the British goods had to be agreed by compromise between China and British, and it was called“compromised tax”

17. 广州 厦门 福州 宁波 上海 The opening of Guangzhou,Fuzhou, Xiamen,Ninbo and Shanghai ports for trade

18. Contents of Supplement Treaties “consular jurisdiction” If the British broke the law at the trading ports, China was not allowed to deal with the case. It was the British consul who did so according to the Laws of Britain. “Unilaterally most-favored-nation” The British could build houses and settlements at trading ports.

19. In hopes of also gaining some special rights, invaders from the United States and France respectively forced the Qing government to sign the Treaty of Wangxia and the Treaty of Wangbu in July and October 1844. This was the end of the first Opium War.

20. Say something about the effects of the treaties. Discussion

21. The surrender of Hong kong breached China’s territorial integrity and giving the British a base for further military, political and economical penetrations. The cost of the war and later the war indemnity all fell on the shoulders of the farmers. China’s economy collapsed and poverty was wide spread.

22. With the opening of the five treaty ports and the lowing of the import duties from 65 to 5 foreign trade flourished. With the rush of cheaper Western machine-made products, The home textile industry was almost eliminated. The treaty exempted British nationals from Chinese law. This clause gave foreign invaders the legal right to setup and protect their spy and criminal networks.

23. After China’s defeat in the Opium war, the Chinese realized that they were no longer the “Heavenly Middle Kingdom” Lost at the hands of the “barbarians”, Chinese intellectuals recognized that in order to deal with the strangers from the West They must understand the Westerners and the place they came from. The first of such intellectuals was Lin Ze-xu. He collected translated materials from foreign publications and later he gave them to his friend Wei Yuan who used it and published a book “Maps and Introductions of Overseas Counties”

25. Effects of the treaties The Treaties of Nanjing and supplement treaties opened China to the world. China became a semi-feudal semi-colonial state

26. Useful words the opium war 鸦片战争 Closed-door policy 闭关锁国政策 Self-sufficient economy 自给自足经济 Poppy 罂粟 Special commissioner 特使 “unequal treaties” 不平等条约 Supplement treaties 附件

27. “compromised tax” 协订关税 “consular jurisdiction” 领事裁判权 “Unilaterally most-favored-nation” 片面最惠国待遇 a semi-feudal semi-colonial state 半殖民地半封建社会 “Heavenly Middle Kingdom” 中国

28. E-mail zhaoye@zgz2000.com.cn 制作人 / 赵烨 /2002/3/25