1. POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION

2. LINKAGE INSTITUTIONS What is a linkage institution? Something that allows the citizens to connect to the government.

3. LINKAGE INSTITUTIONS What is an example of some linkage institutions? Media Political Parties Interest groups Elections What is an example of some linkage institutions? Media Political Parties Interest groups Elections

4. Public Opinion: Public Opinion: the attitude a significant number of people hold about a particular issue But where does this “significant number” of people get their attitude or their view on a certain topic?

5. POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION Political Socialization: Political Socialization: The process through which an individual acquires his or her particular political orientations – his or her knowledge, feelings, and evaluations regarding his or her political world Can be anything that influence your views or attitudes

6. FAMILY Family – most influential Monopoly on time and emotions Monopoly on time and emotions Mainly in early years Kids see from eyes of parents Earliest form of Political Socialization As children age, adolescent rebellion

7. DemocratIndependentRepublican Both Parents Democrat 592913 Both Parents Independent 176716 Both Parents Republican 122959

8. SCHOOLSchool Indoctrinate specific ideas  Pledge of Allegiance  Capitalism and Democracy  American figures Works with students throughout educational career

9. MASS MEDIA Mass Media TV, newspaper, magazines, radio, internet Plays to emotions and target audience Has certain political agenda More than 98% of homes have TV Access via cell phones and other devices

10. PEER GROUPS Peer Groups Classmates, coworkers, neighbors, friends Continues throughout adulthood People trust the views/opinions of friends People want to be like friends People want to be accepted

11. OPINION LEADERS Opinion Leaders “Any person who, for any reason, has an unusually strong influence on views of others” Public office, public figures, organizations, professionals, leadership roles Opinion leaders are people whom others will listen to

12. HISTORICAL EVENTS Historical Events September 11 – global war and terrorism Great Depression – Political loyalties WWII – use of nuclear weapons Civil Rights Movement

13. POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION Religion Religion  Different religions hold different values Race Race  Different races/ethnicities have different experiences, lifestyles, beliefs, etc. Gender Gender  Men and women have different outlooks Age Age  As you gain more experiences or care about different things Region Region  Different areas have different political perspectives

14. HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND PEOPLE’S FEELINGS AND ATTITUDES TOWARD TOPICS, EVENTS, AND ISSUES?

15. PUBLICS AND PUBLIC OPINION PUBLIC: PUBLIC: A group of all individuals who hold the same particular view on the same particular issue PUBLIC OPINION: PUBLIC OPINION: The attitude or feelings held by a significant number of people about government and politics

16. WHAT QUALIFIES AS PUBLIC OPINION? ONLY includes views having to do with public affairs  Politics  Public issues  Public policies  Having to deal with government and politics

17. Public opinions must be expressed or else it can’t be identified with a certain public Public opinions must be expressed or else it can’t be identified with a certain public So, how do we express public opinion?

18. HOW DO WE EXPRESS AND MEASURE PUBLIC OPINION?Elections Very general; not always specific to issues Might not have anything to do with issues Interest Groups Groups who share same opinion on topic How many people are they actually representing? How strongly do they feel?Media Topics discussed are geared toward the interests of the public Not very accurate though Personal Contacts Great way to hear what someone has to say Does it actually represent a significant number of people?

19. WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO MEASURE PUBLIC OPINION?

20. LOOKING AT A POLL 1. Define your universe Who are you aiming to measure? All Indiana citizens All Carmel High School students All people taking Government class this semester

21. LOOKING AT A POLL 2. Create your sample Who are you going to poll? Sample: Sample: representation of your universe Random sample: Random sample: selected randomly Quota sample: Quota sample: represents universe by reflecting similar characteristics

22. LOOKING AT A POLL 3. Ask well-drawn questions Are you asking good questions? Are your questions misleading? Are they loaded questions? Are certain words used to attempt to shape opinion?

23. LOOKING AT A POLL 4. Interviewing How are you communicating? Face to face? What is the tone of voice/what words are emphasized? What is the most efficient way to ask questions?

24. LOOKING AT A POLL 5. Analyze Data What is your data telling you? Do the results answer your question? What trends do you notice? What conclusions can you draw?

25. RECAP FROM LAST TIME.... Problems with polls Sampling errors Sampling errors Not enough answer choices provided Not enough answer choices provided Lack of knowledge Lack of knowledge Relevance Relevance Intensity Intensity Question phrasing Question phrasing Bandwagon and underdog Bandwagon and underdog

26. POLLING PROBLEMS Intensity: Intensity: How strong of a feeling is associated with this opinion? Stability: Stability: How likely is this opinion to change? Relevance: Relevance: How important is this particular issue to the person being polled?

27. POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND PARTIES

28. Libertarian ConservativeAuthoritarian Liberal Economic Freedom Personal Freedom 0% 100% Centrist or Moderate

29. In General Liberals believe in government action to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all. It is the duty of the government to alleviate social ills and to protect civil liberties and individual and human rights. Believe the role of the government should be to guarantee that no one is in need. Liberal policies generally emphasize the need for the government to solve problems. Conservatives believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense. Believe the role of government should be to provide people the freedom necessary to pursue their own goals. Conservative policies generally emphasize empowerment of the individual to solve problems.

30. Abortion Liberal A woman has the right to decide what happens with her body. A fetus is not a human life, so it does not have separate individual rights. The government should provide taxpayer funded abortions for women who cannot afford them. The decision to have an abortion is a personal choice of a woman regarding her own body and the government must protect this right. Women have the right to affordable, safe and legal abortions, including partial birth abortion Conservative Human life begins at conception. Abortion is the murder of a human being. An unborn baby, as a living human being, has separate rights from those of the mother. Oppose taxpayer-funded abortion. Taxpayer dollars should not be used for the government to provide abortions. Support legislation to prohibit partial birth abortions, called the "Partial Birth Abortion* Ban

31. Affirmative Action Liberal Due to prevalent racism in the past, minorities were deprived of the same education and employment opportunities as whites. The government must work to make up for that. America is still a racist society, therefore a federal affirmative action law is necessary. Due to unequal opportunity, minorities still lag behind whites in all statistical measurements of success. Conservative Individuals should be admitted to schools and hired for jobs based on their ability. It is unfair to use race as a factor in the selection process. Reverse- discrimination is not a solution for racism. Some individuals in society are racist, but American society as a whole is not. Preferential treatment of certain races through affirmative action is wrong.

32. Capital Punishment Liberal The death penalty should be abolished. It is inhumane and is ‘cruel and unusual' punishment. Imprisonment is the appropriate punishment for murder. Every execution risks killing an innocent person. Conservative The death penalty is a punishment that fits the crime of murder; it is neither ‘cruel' nor ‘unusual.' Executing a murderer is the appropriate punishment for taking an innocent life.

33. Economy Liberal A market system in which government regulates the economy is best. Government must protect citizens from the greed of big business. Unlike the private sector, the government is motivated by public interest. Government regulation in all areas of the economy is needed to level the playing field Conservative The free market system, competitive capitalism, and private enterprise create the greatest opportunity and the highest standard of living for all. Free markets produce more economic growth, more jobs and higher standards of living than those systems burdened by excessive government regulation

34. Global Warming/Climate Change Liberal Global warming is caused by an increased production of carbon dioxide through the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). The U.S. is a major contributor to global warming because it produces 25% of the world’s carbon dioxide. Proposed laws to reduce carbon emissions in the U.S. are urgently needed and should be enacted immediately to save the planet. Many reputable scientists support this theory. Conservative Change in global temperature is natural over long periods of time. Science has not shown that humans can affect permanent change to the earth’s temperature. Proposed laws to reduce carbon emissions will do nothing to help the environment and will cause significant price increases for all.

35. Gun Control Liberal The Second Amendment does not give citizens the right to keep and bear arms, but only allows for the state to keep a militia (National Guard). Individuals do not need guns for protection; it is the role of local and federal government to protect the people through law enforcement agencies and the military. Additional gun control laws are necessary to stop gun violence and limit the ability of criminals to obtain guns. More guns mean more violence. Conservative The Second Amendment gives citizens the right to keep and bear arms. Individuals have the right to defend themselves. There are too many gun control laws – additional laws will not lower gun crime rates. What is needed is enforcement of current laws. Gun control laws do not prevent criminals from obtaining guns. More guns in the hands of law-abiding citizens mean less crime.

36. Healthcare Liberal Support free or low-cost government controlled health care. There are millions of Americans who can’t afford health care and are deprived of this basic right. Every American has a right to affordable health care. The government should provide equal health care benefits for all, regardless of their ability to pay. Conservative Support competitive, free market health care system. All Americans have access to health care. The debate is about who should pay for it. Free and low-cost government- run programs (socialized medicine) result in higher costs and everyone receiving the same poor-quality health care. Health care should remain privatized. The problem of uninsured individuals should be addressed and solved within the free market healthcare system – the government should not control healthcare.

37. Immigration Liberal Support legal immigration. Support amnesty for those who enter the U.S. illegally (undocumented immigrants). Also believe that undocumented immigrants have a right to: -- all educational and health benefits that citizens receive (financial aid, welfare, social security and medicaid), regardless of legal status. -- the same rights as American citizens. It is unfair to arrest millions of undocumented immigrants. Conservative Support legal immigration only. Oppose amnesty for those who enter the U.S. illegally (illegal immigrants). Those who break the law by entering the U.S. illegally do not have the same rights as those who obey the law and enter legally. The borders should be secured before addressing the problem of the illegal immigrants currently in the country. The Federal Government should secure the borders and enforce current immigration law.

38. Government and Religion Liberal Support the separation of church and state. The Bill of Rights implies a separation of church and state. Religious expression has no place in government. The two should be completely separate. Government should not support religious expression in any way. All reference to God in public and government spaces should be removed (eg., the Ten Commandments should not be displayed in Federal buildings). Religious expression has no place in government. Conservative The phrase “separation of church and state” is not in the Constitution. The First Amendment to the Constitution states “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof…” This prevents the government from establishing a national church/denomination. However, it does not prohibit God from being acknowledged in schools and government buildings. Symbols of Christian heritage should not be removed from public and government spaces (eg., the Ten Commandments should continue to be displayed in Federal buildings). Government should not interfere with religion and religious freedom.

39. Same-sex Marriage Liberal Marriage is the union of people who love each other. It should be legal for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender individuals, to ensure equal rights for all. Support same-sex marriage. Opposed to the creation of a constitutional amendment establishing marriage as the union of one man and one woman. All individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation, have the right to marry. Prohibiting same-sex citizens from marrying denies them their civil rights. [Opinions vary on whether this issue is equal to civil rights for African Americans.] Conservative Marriage is the union of one man and one woman. Oppose same-sex marriage. Support Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), passed in 1996, which affirms the right of states not to recognize same-sex marriages licensed in other states. Requiring citizens to sanction same-sex relationships violates moral and religious beliefs of millions of Christians, Jews, Muslims and others, who believe marriage is the union of one man and one woman.

40. Taxes Liberal Higher taxes (primarily for the wealthy) and a larger government are necessary to address inequity/injustice in society (government should help the poor and needy using tax dollars from the rich). Support a large government to provide for the needs of the people and create equality. Taxes enable the government to create jobs and provide welfare programs for those in need. Government programs are a caring way to provide for the poor and needy in society. Conservative Lower taxes and a smaller government with limited power will improve the standard of living for all. Support lower taxes and a smaller government. Lower taxes create more incentive for people to work, save, invest, and engage in entrepreneurial endeavors. Money is best spent by those who earn it, not the government. Government programs encourage people to become dependent and lazy, rather than encouraging work and independence.

41. How do we see these ideologies represented in American politics? Political Party Political Party: a group of people with similar ideology who attempt to gain control in the government through winning elections and holding public office

42. WHY PARTIES? In the US, there are two dominant political parties. What are they? DemocratsRepublicans

43. PARTIES In general… In general… Democrats tend to be more liberal Democrats tend to be more liberal Republicans tend to be more conservative Republicans tend to be more conservative LiberalConservative RepublicanDemocrat Independents

44. PARTY BREAKDOWN Why parties? What do they even do? Nominate Candidates for office Inform and Rally Supporters Governing Watchdog

45. PARTY BREAKDOWN How are the people involved in political parties? 1.Organization Leaders, activists, “party professionals” 2. In government People who actually hold government positions 3. Electorate The people who vote…you!

46. PARTY BREAKDOWN How many parties do different governments have? 1.Multi-Party System 2.One Party System 3.Two Party System -What we see in the US today

47. PARTY BREAKDOWN Why do we have a two party system? Tradition Electoral System

48. PARTY ORIGINS Washington had warned against parties 1796 – Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans 1796 – Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans Overtime, we have seen four major eras of political parties

49. ERA OF THE DEMOCRATS (1800-1860) Thomas Jefferson – Democratic Republican Thomas Jefferson – Democratic Republican James Madison – Democratic Republican James Madison – Democratic Republican James Monroe – Democratic Republican James Monroe – Democratic Republican John Q. Adams – Democratic Republican John Q. Adams – Democratic Republican Andrew Jackson – Democrat Andrew Jackson – Democrat Martin Van Buren – Democrat Martin Van Buren – Democrat William H. Harrison – Whig William H. Harrison – Whig John Tyler – Democrat John Tyler – Democrat James Polk – Democrat James Polk – Democrat Zachary Taylor – Whig Zachary Taylor – Whig Millard Fillmore – Whig Millard Fillmore – Whig Franklin Pierce – Democrat Franklin Pierce – Democrat James Buchanan – Democrat James Buchanan – Democrat

50. ERA OF THE REPUBLICANS (1860-1932) Abraham Lincoln – Republican Abraham Lincoln – Republican Andrew Johnson – Democrat Andrew Johnson – Democrat Ulysses S. grant – Republican Ulysses S. grant – Republican Rutherford B. Hayes – Republican Rutherford B. Hayes – Republican James A. Garfield – Republican James A. Garfield – Republican Chester Arthur – Republican Chester Arthur – Republican Grover Cleveland – Democrat Grover Cleveland – Democrat Benjamin Harrison – Republican Benjamin Harrison – Republican Grover Cleveland – Democrat Grover Cleveland – Democrat William McKinley – Republican William McKinley – Republican Theodore Roosevelt – Republican Theodore Roosevelt – Republican William H. Taft – Republican William H. Taft – Republican Woodrow Wilson – Democrat Woodrow Wilson – Democrat Warren Harding – Republican Warren Harding – Republican Calvin Coolidge – Republican Calvin Coolidge – Republican Herbert Hoover – Republican Herbert Hoover – Republican

51. ERA OF THE DEMOCRATS (1932-1968) Franklin D. Roosevelt – Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt – Democrat Harry Truman – Democrat Harry Truman – Democrat Dwight D. Eisenhower – Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower – Republican John F. Kennedy – Democrat John F. Kennedy – Democrat Lyndon Johnson - Democrat Lyndon Johnson - Democrat

52. ERA OF DIVIDED GOVERNMENT (1968 – PRESENT) Richard Nixon – Republican Richard Nixon – Republican Gerald Ford – Republican Gerald Ford – Republican James Carter – Democrat James Carter – Democrat Ronald Reagan – Republican Ronald Reagan – Republican George H. W. Bush – Republican George H. W. Bush – Republican Bill Clinton – Democrat Bill Clinton – Democrat George W. Bush – Republican George W. Bush – Republican Barack Obama - Democrat Barack Obama - Democrat

53. VOCAB TERMS TO KNOW Split-Ticket Voting – Voting for candidates of different parties Split-Ticket Voting – Voting for candidates of different parties Realignment – Shift of voters from one of the major parties to the other Realignment – Shift of voters from one of the major parties to the other Dealignment – Shift of voters away from the two major parties Dealignment – Shift of voters away from the two major parties

54. MINOR PARTIES Why are minor parties formed? Ideological – Based on set of beliefs Ideological – Based on set of beliefs Single Issue – Focus on one issue Single Issue – Focus on one issue Economic Protest – come with poor economic times Economic Protest – come with poor economic times Splinter – split from major party Splinter – split from major party

55. MINOR PARTIES Why are minor parties important? Bring forth ideas Many ideas are then absorbed by major parties Small party candidates can steal votes Nader/Gore 2000 Bull Moose/Woodrow Wilson Bring issues to the attention of the public

56. VOTING

57. The right to vote is known as suffrage (we will also refer to this as franchise at some times) Since the founding of the country, suffrage has expanded greatly into what it is today.

58. HISTORY OF VOTING 1789 – White Male Property Owners 1789 – White Male Property Owners Early 1800s – Religious, property, and tax qualifications begin to disappear Early 1800s – Religious, property, and tax qualifications begin to disappear

59. HISTORY OF VOTING 1870 – 15 th Amendment passed The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. However, Congress did little to enforce it The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation Poll taxes Closed “white” primaries Gerrymandering Literacy tests Threats, violence, pressures, etc.

61. HISTORY OF VOTING 1920 – 19 th Amendment The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Gave women full suffrage

62. HISTORY OF VOTING 1960s – worked to secure full voting rights for African Americans Civil Rights Act of 1957 Commission formed to investigate voter discrimination Civil Rights Act of 1960 Referees put in places to help those who were discriminated against to vote Civil Rights Act of 1964 Outlawed job discrimination and voting discrimination Use injunctions to threaten those who attempted to discriminate

63. HISTORY OF VOTING 24 th Amendment eliminated poll taxes The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Actually applied to ALL elections; state, local, national Amendments in 1970, 1975, 1992, and 2006 expanded and extended power

64. HISTORY OF VOTING 1971 - 26 th Amendment gave right to vote to anyone over 18 years of age

65. VOTING REQUIREMENTS Power to set qualifications not given to national government State right based on 10 th Amendment The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people

66. VOTING REQUIREMENTS  1  1. If they can vote for state legislature, they can vote for national legislature (1.2.1)  2  2. Cannot deny the right to vote based on race, color, or previous servitude  3  3. Cannot deny the right to vote based on gender  4  4. Cannot require a tax in order to vote  5  5. Cannot deny the right to vote to anyone 18 or over 15th 19th 24th 26th

67. ELIGIBILITY State-by-state laws, though they are all fairly similar 1.Citizenship 1.Citizenship – must be a citizen of the US 2.Residence 2.Residence – must be a legal resident of the state in which they vote 3.Age 3.Age – Cannot set age limit over 18 years old

68. VOTER REGISTRATION 4. Voter Registration Identify yourself as a citizen and valid voter; prevent fraudulent voting  Prevent voter fraud  But does it then limit others’ ability to vote?

69. VOTER REGISTRATION  1993 – Motor Voter Act  1. Register when they apply or renew driver’s license  2. Voter registration by mail  3. Registration forms available at local offices Made voter registration easier and more convenient, but system still not perfect

70. VOTER REGISTRATION Literacy Tests  Originally used to ensure voters were semi- educated  First used to keep Irish Catholic immigrants from voting  Later used to prevent African Americans  Grandfather Clause – allow white males to vote despite not meeting literacy requirements  Banned in 1970 case of Oregon v. Mitchell

71. VOTER REGISTRATION Poll Taxes  Began in late 1800s; discourage poor African Americans from voting  1964 – 24 th Amendment prevented use of poll tax  1966 case of Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections closed case once and for all.

72. CRIMINAL RECORD 5. Criminal Record Some states put restrictions on voting rights based on criminal record Maine & Vermont – No restrictions 12 states – Any felony means no voting ever Indiana – If you are in prison, no voting Is this justifiable?

74. WHY PEOPLE DON’T VOTE Cannot Voters Illness Disabled Traveling Resident Aliens Mental Illness Local Pressures

75. WHY PEOPLE DON’T VOTE Actual Nonvoters What about everyone else who could have voted but didn’t? Apathy Don’t trust the system Vote doesn’t matter (no political efficacy) Inconvenience Lack of interest Weather Time Zone Fallout

76. WHY PEOPLE DON’T VOTE Voters Higher levels of: Income Education Job Long-time residents Strong party ID Political competition Non Voters Younger than 35 Unmarried Unskilled Southern; rural Men less than women Who Tends to Vote?

77. WHY DO PEOPLE WHO DO VOTE DO IN THE WAY THEY DO?

78. SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS Income/Occupation Lower income brackets ( <$50,000) – Democrats Higher income brackets (>$50,000 – Republicans Manual workers/Low income jobs - Democrats Business people/Professionals - Republicans

79. SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS Education Higher the education, more likely to vote Republican 2008 ElectionRepublicanDemocrat No HS35%63% HS Grad46%52% Some College47%51% College Grad48%50%

80. SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS Gender Gender Gap - Women tend to favor Dems by 5- 10% 2008 ElectionRepublicanDemocrat Men48%49% Women43%56%

81. SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS Age Older people tend to vote Republican 2008 ElectionRepublicanDemocrat 18-2932%66% 30-4446%52% 45-6449%50% 65+53%45%

82. SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS Ethnicity African Americans tend to vote Democrat Geography South – More Republican Northeast; West – More Democratic Religion Protestants and regular churchgoers tend to be Republicans Catholics and Jews tend to be Democrats

83. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS Party Identification Seems logical; more long-term factor Has changed over years  Split-Ticket Voting  Independents Candidates and Issues Change from election to election; short-term Impression of candidate; hot topic issues