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THE AMAZON MAIN SOURCE AREA IN THE CORDILLERA CHILA, PERU (New hydrographic, geomorphologic and glaciologic analyses) Bohumir Jansky Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology
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History The motive for 3 czech expeditions: Czech Jesuit Samuel Fritz - localising the Amazon River headwaters territory in the glacial lake Lauricocha, Cordillera de Huayhuash mountains of the western Peruvian Andes – created first map of the Amazon River (printed in Quito)
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Lauricocha lake – source of the Marañon river
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Rio Amazonas Rio Marañon Rio Ucayali
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History of Ideas and Hypotheses concerning the Amazon River Headwaters Territory
Author Year Source S.J. Santos García 1935 Laguna Vilafro Michel Perrin 1953 Cerro Huagra plk. Gerardo Diánderas Cerro Huagra – Rio Monigote Helen a Frank Schreider 1968 Nicholas Asheshov 1969 Nevado Minaspata Carlos Peñaherrera del Águila Nevado Mismi – Rio Carhuasanta Loren Mc Intyre 1971 Nevado Choquecorao Walter Bonatti 1978 Rio Huarajo Jean Michel Cousteau 1982 Jacek Palkiewicz, Zaniel I. Novoa Goicochea 1997 Nevado Quehuisha – Rio Apacheta Bohumír Janský (Expedition Hatun Mayu 1999) 1999 Bohumír Janský (Czech – Peruvian Expedition Hatun Mayu 2000 2000 Nevado Mismi – 4 mountain courses: Carhuasanta, Ccaccansa, Apacheta and Sillanque Author Year Source S.J. Santos García 1935 Laguna Vilafro Michel Perrin 1953 Cerro Huagra plk. Gerardo Diánderas Cerro Huagra – Rio Monigote Helen a Frank Schreider 1968 Nicholas Asheshov 1969 Nevado Minaspata Carlos Peñaherrera del Águila Nevado Mismi – Rio Carhuasanta Loren Mc Intyre 1971 Nevado Choquecorao Walter Bonatti 1978 Rio Huarajo Jean Michel Cousteau 1982 Jacek Palkiewicz, Zaniel I. Novoa Goicochea 1997 Nevado Quehuisha – Rio Apacheta Bohumír Janský (Expedition Hatun Mayu 1999) 1999 Bohumír Janský (tschechisch – peruanische Expedition Hatun Mayu 2000 2000 Nevado Mismi – 4 Quellenflüsse: Carhuasanta, Ccaccansa, Apacheta und Sillanque
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Airport of Arequipa (2600 m). Volcan Misti (5821 m).
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Nevado Ampato (6 311 m) and Sabancaya
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Canyon of the River Colca
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Transversal profile of the Cordillera Chila
and Canyon Colca Confluence of Carhuasanta and Apacheta (4713 m)
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Village Cailloma – 50 km from headwaters territory
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of Amazon River (Apurímac) in Cordillera de Chila
Headwaters territory of Amazon River (Apurímac) in Cordillera de Chila
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The main valley of Lloqueta
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Basic camp – 4712 m
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Where is located the main source
of Amazon river ? The northern hillside of the Cordillera Chila massif and the confluence of four mountain courses - Carhuasanta, Apacheta, Ccaccansa and Sillanque - originating the Río Lloqueta, should be regarded a headwaters territory of the Amazon River.
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Headwaters territory of Amazon river (in 2000)
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3D model of the headwater territory of the Amazon river
km 0 3D model of the headwater territory of the Amazon river
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Laguna „Bohemia“ – left source of the Carhuasanta river
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Laguna Bohemia – left source of the Carhuasanta river
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Right headwaters stream of the Carhuasanta river
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Glaciation in 2000 The glaciation was restricted to the highest parts of mountain ranges in the eastern part of the Cordillera Chila. There are four glaciers in the catchment area of the Carhuasanta and Apacheta rivers that extend over a surface of 1.54 km² out of total 57.15 km². The snowline altitude varies from 5250 to 5300 m. Over the 20th century, the glaciers of an observed area have undergone rapid retreats: glaciers experienced a 60 % decrease in surface area since 1955. Glaciers disappeared from 2000 to 2007 completely and fields of perennial snow persisted in the highest areas only
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Glacier retreat since to 1999
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The watershed between Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
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Nudo Coropuna
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Geomorphology
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Distribution of soils in the Amazon River headstream area
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Carhuasanta river and Nevado Mismi (5628 m)
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New research project - funded by the Czech Science Foundation
“Natural Hazards of the Amazon River Sources Territory Caused by the Global Climatic Changes” STUDY AREA The Peruvian Western Andes (Cordillera Occidental) – altitudes higher than 5000 m → The watershed between Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Cordillera Huayhuash (10° S.) Cordillera Chila (15° S.) – distance N-S about 1000 km.
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Comparing of two areas:
Marañon River headstream area (humid) - mountain steppe páramos 2. Ucayali – Apurímac (Amazon) headstream area (arid) – mountain steppe puna Western hillsides: Costa – zone along the Pacific coast (aridity growth to the south) → desert area and vegetation of type lomas in fog layer garúa. - periodical effect El Niño (El Niño – Southern Oscillation): temperature increase → heavy rain → natural disaster (increase of glacier melting, debris flows - huaycos, outburst of glacial lakes, floods, landslides). Specially strong El Niño in 1982/83 a 1997/98 Oriental hillsides and the tableland: humidify – under the influence of trade wind from Atlantic ocean Partnership in Peru: National Hydrometerological Institute SENAMHI (Servicio Nacional de Meterología e Hidrología)
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Headwaters territory of the Amazon River
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The climatic station at the Amazon’s source, located at 5075 m above sea level - it is the highest located station in Peru. In background Nevado Mismi (5628 m a.s.l.).
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air temperature soil temperature (0.1 m) radiation Air temperature, soil temperature and solar radiation at the Amazon’s source. The climatic station of the Charles University in Prague (5075 m a.m.s.l. Period
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Average daily and monthly discharges in the Lloqueta River (headwaters territory of the Amazon River) and line of trend of monthly discharges.
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Headwaters territory of the Marañon River
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Proglacial Cangrajanca lake
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Dangerous Cangrajanca lake with periodical outburst
Dangerous Cangrajanca lake with periodical outburst. The lake basin is filled from the Yerupaja glacier.
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Yerupaja glacier retreat (1957 – 2008)
Total retreat: m, annual retreat: 4 – 7 m.
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The relief changes in the valley of Carhuacocha river after lanslide from 8.3. 2009
Lake outflow Central moraine Proglacial lake The new dammed lake
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Conclusions The monitoring has confirmed a falling trend in the flow rate, following the retreat of area glaciers. At present, the Cordillera Chila mountain range no longer has any glaciers. The last of them melted between 2000 and 2007. The Cordillera Huayhuash mountains show a relatively slow retreaAverage daily and monthly discharges in the Lloqueta River (headwaters territory of the Amazon River) and line of trend of monthly discharges. t of valley glaciers in comparison with the neighboring Cordillera Blanca range → since 1957, glaciers have retreated at an average annual rate of 4 to 7 m, summary by 230 to 350 m. Systematic measurements of soil temperatures have shown an absence of long-term frozen soils in locations up to 5150 m above sea level. The lower boundary of the zone of mountain permafrost is, therefore, located higher than the literature indicates for this area.
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Climate change impact on mountain lakes of Kyrgyzstan with regard to the risk of their rupture
Bohumír Janský¹, Jan Kocum¹, Zbyněk Engel, Miroslav Šobr, Michal Černý² Sergei A. Yerokhin³ ¹ Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, ² GEOMIN Consulting Company, ³ Kyrgyz State Geoagency
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The hazardous alpine lakes in Kyrgyzstan
1500 lakes covering more than 1 hectare 328 potentially dangerous lakes 12 actually dangerous lakes 25 of high potential hazard
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Petrov lake: an extremely dangerous evolution
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Petrov Glacier retreat (1957-2006)
Total retreat (m) Annual retreat (m/y) 1330 15.1 570 24.8 380 38.0 390 43.3 430 61.4
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Tailings dam Petrov Lake Petrov Glacier Gold mine Kumtor Satelite image of the Petrov Lake area (QuickBird 2003)
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narow part of the dam superficial outflow
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The lakes of thermokarstic depressions
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Adygine research station 3 600 mts a. s. l.
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The scientists have a hard live…
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