1. Ashley Fryberger

2.  A decline in mental ability  Can effect daily living  Not a specific disease but is a general term for describing a range of symptoms  Some symptoms would include  Memory loss  Loss in communication and language  Loss in reasoning and judgment  If want to learn more click herehere

3.  A type of dementia that causes issues with thinking, memory and behavior  Most common form of dementia  50% to 80% of dementia cases  Effects 25 million people world wide  Alzheimer’s Association Video Alzheimer’s Association Video  Alzheimer’s Association Alzheimer’s Association

4.  The brain is made up of billions of neurons or nerve cells  Each neuron works like a little factory  Alzheimer’s Disease prevents the neurons from working properly

5.  Two structures that kill nerve cells  Plaques- deposits of a protein fragment called beta-amyloid that build up in the spaces between nerve cells  Tangles- twisted fibers of another protein called tau that build up inside cells  Alzheimer's patients have more plaques and tangles  The death of the nerve cells is what causes memory failure  Plaques and Tangles Plaques and Tangles  Plaques and Tangles spread through cortex as the disease progress first starting in the hippocampus  Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease

6.  Seven Stages  Stage 1: No impairment- no memory problems  Stage 2: Very mild decline- memory lapses  Stage 3: Mild decline (early stage)- family and friends notice difficulties  Stage 4: Moderate cognitive decline- forgetfulness of recent events, greater difficulty performing complex tasks (paying bills or managing finances), becoming moody or withdrawn (in socially or mentally challenging situations)

7.  Stage 5: Moderately severe cognitive decline-can notice gaps in memory and thinking, and individuals begin to need help with day-to-day activities  Stage 6: Severe cognitive decline- memory worsens, personality changes may take place and individuals need extensive help with daily activities  Stage 7: Very severe cognitive decline – lose ability to respond to environment, carry conversation, control movement, and need help with daily personal care

8.  Symptoms  Forgetting newly learned information  Memory loss  Confusion

9.  Risk Factors  Increasing age Most individuals are above the age of 65  Family History Those with parent brother or sister are most likely to develop the disease  Genetics Risk Gene- The risk gene with the strongest influence is called apolipoprotein E-e4 (APOE-e4). APOE-e4 may be a factor in 20 to 25 percent of Alzheimer's cases. Deterministic Gene- directly cause the disease

10.  There is not one test for diagnosing Alzheimer’s. But physicians can determine by using these test:  Medial History  Mental Status Testing  A physical and neurological exam  Blood tests and brain imaging to rule out other causes of dementia-like symptoms

11.  There is no cure  There is both medication and non medication treatments  Early- moderate stages- Cholinesterase inhibitors are used to treat the cognitive symptoms  Moderate to severe stages- memantine is used to improve memory, attention, reason, language and the ability to perform simple tasks  Vitamin E- an antioxidant. Antioxidants may protect brain cells from certain kinds of chemical wear and tear

12.  Physical exercise is beneficial for blood flow to the brain as well as for creation of new brain cells  Does not have to be strenuous or require a major time commitment  30 minutes a day  Aerobic exercise improves oxygen consumption, which benefits brain function  Aerobic fitness has been found to reduce brain cell loss in elderly subjects.  Examples include walking, bicycling, gardening, tai chi, and yoga

13.  Physical activities that also involve mental activity help with brain health  plotting your route, observing traffic signals, making choices  Avoid severe head trauma  High levels of physical activity may reduce your risk of developing Alzheimer’s Disease

14.  73 year old female; stage 3 Alzheimer’s Disease  Non- smoker  Weight- 63.5 kg; Height- 162.5 cm  Exercise history- In younger years worked out regularly; not physically active much because of Alzheimer’s  No family history of heart disease  Blood Pressure= 136/90; HDL= 40 mg/dl; LDL= 120 mg/dl; Cholesterol= 180 mg/dl  Medications- Takes Cognex for Alzheimer’s Disease

15.  Age- Yes  Family History- No  Smoking- No  Sedentary Life Style- Yes  Obesity- No  Hypertension- Yes  Dyslipidemia- No  This client is at a high risk factor with having three positive risk factors. She should be seen by a doctor before participating in physical exercise.

16.  Aerobic  6 min hall walk test  Strength  Lower and upper body weight machines  Range of Motion (Flexibility)  Goniometer ( large joints)  Balance  Tandem walk

17.  Aerobic  Frequency- 3 times per week  Intensity- 40% to 60% max HR  Time- 30 minutes  Type- walking, swimming, cycling  Strength  Frequency- 2 times a week  Intensity- 5 to 6 on the 10 point exertion scale  Time- 8 to 10 Reps; 2 to 3 sets  Type- elastic bands

18.  Range of Motion (Flexibility)  Frequency- 2 times a week  Intensity- low to moderate intensity  Time- 15 minutes  Type- Stretching; involve large muscle groups  Balance  Frequency- three times a week  Intensity- low intensity  Time- 15 minutes  Type- backwards or sideways walking

19.  Being physically active and exercising is beneficial for those who have Alzheimer’s or are at risk of getting Alzheimer’s because exercise could potentially slow down the progression of the disease.

20.  Castellani, R. J., Rolston, R. K., & Smith, M. A. (2010). Alzheimer disease. Dis Mon, 56(9), 484-546. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2010.06.001  Exercise May Slow Alzheimer's. (2008). Psychiatric Annals, 38(8), 502.  Kayyali, A. (2010). Diet and exercise reduce alzheimer's risk. American Journal of Nursing, 110(2), 65.  Liang, K. Y., Mintun, M. A., Fagan, A. M., Goate, A. M., Bugg, J. M., Holtzman, D. M.,... Head, D. (2010). Exercise and alzheimer's disease biomarkers in cognitively normal older adults. Annals of Neurology, 68(3), 311.  Overview | Alzheimer's Association. (n.d.). Retrieved January 3, 2015, from http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_1973.asp