1. ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES

2. Endless Possibilities What is meant when the term endless is used? – Having no limit, no end – Eternal; infinite How about the term possibilities? – The condition or quality of being possible – Capability of happening or being done – Having a prospect, expectation, or chance

3. In literature, there are, in fact, endless possibilities! – But, in order to make sense of these endless literary possibilities, genres were formed.

4. Adjective A word that describes a noun. Example: pointed, jagged rocks

5. Descriptive Adjectives for Appearance Physical adorable beautiful clean drab elegant fancy glamorous handsome long Condition alive better careful clever dead easy famous gifted helpful important magnificent old-fashioned plain quaint sparkling ugliest unsightly wide-eyed inexpensive mushy odd powerful rich shy tender uninterested vast wrong

6. What is a Genre? It is NOT an age category – EX: adult, young adult, children’s etc. It is NOT the format – EX: graphic novels, picture books, chapter book, etc. BUT, it IS a literary work characterized by a particular form, style or purpose – Short stories, novel, creative non-fiction, plays, comedy

7. Sub-Genres Sub-genres are categories within categories. – Within the genre of Short Stories there is: Fantasy Mystery Horror Adventure Fairy tales & Folk Tales Etc.

8. Curiosity and Discovery Comedy and Drama Sub-Genre

9. Mystery: Action Sub-Genre

10. And Now... Fantasy Sub-Genre

11. What are Writing Styles? The way an author/poet/playwright etc. chooses to write his or her literary work TYPES: – Narrative: tells a personal or fictional experience or tells a story based on a real or imagined event – Expository / Critical: designed to convey information or explain what is difficult to understand – Persuasive: attempts to convince the reader to accept a particular point of view or to take specific action

13. Definition An anecdote is a short narrative that: Tells a simple, one-event story. Has a beginning, middle, and end that is clear to the reader. Usually tells events in chronological order. Has a climax toward the end of the narrative. Follows standard conventions for sentence structure, spelling, grammar, and paragraphs.

14. Symbolism vs. Imagery

15. Symbol vs. Symbolism sym·bol – 1.Something that means more than what it is and that usually stands for something else sym·bol·ism – 1.The practice of representing things or character with a new, descriptive meaning.

16. Symbols such as... The color black can be a symbol of death An anchor can symbolize hope. An apple may represent the company logo or be symbolic of the temptation of Eve in the garden of Eden

17. Image vs. Imagery Image: is an artificial imitation or representation of something. Imagining: is the act of forming a mental picture; it is to create a picture in the mind that represents a person, place or thing. Imagery: Makes use of particular words that create a visual picture of ideas in the reader’s mind

18. Images such as... “Cedar and jagged fir Uplife sharp barbs Against the gray And cloud-piled sky;” *A. J. M. Smith

19. Stereotypes: Historical & Drama Sub-Genre

20. What are Stereotypes? A generalized view and/or label of a type of person or group of people Stereotyping

21. What is Discrimination? The action of making a distinction (a judgment) against people, places or things (it can be done in the mind, or by physical action).

22. What is Discrimination Cont’d... For instance: An individual may discriminate on the basis of a different race or color from oneself: racial discrimination. An individual may discriminate on the basis of a person’s ability: disability discrimination The power of observing judging differences based on things such as a distinguishing mark or characteristic.

23. What is Empathy? Empathy is the vicarious experiencing (taking the place of another person or thing; acting or serving as a substitute) of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another individual. BASICALLY, It is the capacity to recognize and to some extent share the feelings and emotions that are being experienced by another person

24. P L O T Development

25. Review

26. Plot Development Plot: the structure of a story – Exposition: the beginning of the story – Initial Incident: – Climax: the highest, most important event (the turning point) in the story – Denouement: the typing up of loose ends in the story – Resolution: the end of the story where the conflict is resolved

28. A conflict that arises to spur/encourage the protagonist into action. At the end of the text where the plot comes together and the conflict is explained or resolved. (Tying up of loose ends) An event that occurs at the beginning to set the plot in motion

29. Subplot Definition: A plot that is subordinate (secondary) to the main plot of a literary work (play, novel, short story, etc.) or film. EXAMPLE: Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice

30. Cliffhanger A cliffhanger is a story or event with a strong element of suspense. And/Or A suspenseful situation occurring at the end of a chapter, scene or short story. EXAMPLE: Hunger Games

31. Red Herrings Definition: Something intended to divert attention from the real problem or matter at hand; a misleading clue. Something that draws attention away from the central issue.

32. Essential Elements that Make An Effective Short Story Character Types Characterization Setting: time and place of the story (Remember, if there is no time (year, season, or time of day), do not guess. Internal Conflict: External Conflict: Theme: the main idea (message and moral) of the story Foreshadowing: Flashback: (option) Tone: Mood:

33. Character Types The following terms can be used to discuss characters in a poem, story, novel, novella or drama.

34. Protagonist The Protagonist is the main character, the hero – ‘pro’ means for – ‘agonist’ means a competitor, as in a sport or contest – So the protagonist is who the audience roots for Examples: Ponyboy-The Outsiders Bella-Twilight Harry Potter Dorothy-”Wizard of Oz”

35. Antagonist The Antagonist is the opponent, the villain, or the source of conflict The antagonist could be the ‘bad guy’ or it could be anything that the hero must struggle against like bad weather such as deep snow, a bad social system like severe poverty, or a bad habit Examples: Jacob or Edward Lord Voldemort Wicked Witch of the West

36. Major Character A Major Character is a main character but not necessarily the main character (the hero). Major characters tends to be Round. Examples: Hermione-Harry Potter Tin Man, Scarecrow, Cowardly Lion-”Wizard of Oz” Darrel, SodaPop, Dallas-The Outsiders

37. Round Character A Round Character is well developed or complex and has motivations that can be empathized with (empathy is understanding or being sensitive to the feelings or experiences of another)

38. Minor Character A Minor Character is a supporting, less important character Minor Characters tend to be Flat Examples: Auntie Em-”The Wizard of Oz” Luchesi-The Cask of Amontillado

39. Flat Characters A Flat Character is a stereotyped or stock character has one trait or very few traits, he is what he does, he is usually static, meaning unchanging (a static character does not learn orchange over the course of the story)

40. Foil Character A Foil Character is a character that can be used as a contrast to the main character Hans Solo-”Star Wars Robin-Batman and Robin

41. A Dynamic Character A Dynamic Character is a character that changes or experiences a “character arc”: This is an experience in the story that gives the character insight and causes him to change (or grow) by the end of the story. Ebeneezer Scrooge - A Christmas Carol

42. A Static Character A Static Character is a character that DOES NOT change or experience a “character arc”, but whose life remains along the same path. This character experiences no growth or change. He/SHeis the opposite of the dynamic character. The Three Spirits - A Christmas Carol

43. Flaw A Flaw is a trait; it may be a weakness or a defect that causes failure To analyze character (and therefore to get deeper insight into the theme) look for character flaws

44. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azUsjQwF_UI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjVlyIvLg3Q

46. Characterization Indirect vs. Direct

48. Conflict Conflict is the obstacle or problem in the story. Conflict occurs when an obstacle prevents a character from achieving his or her goal. Stories may have one or more conflict.

49. Conflict Conflicts are of [four] types: [External] 1.Character vs. Character – e.g., Sam and Taylor have a disagreement. 2.Character vs. Environment [(Nature)] – e.g., Alex is lost on a remote trail in the mountains. 3.Character vs. Society – e.g., Deegan dislikes how his town treats those who are disabled and living in the town so he calls a town meeting to discuss this issue. [Internal] 1.Character vs. Self – e.g., Jordan wants to be part of the “in” crowd, but he doesn’t like how they treat Kelly.

50. Foreshadowing Foreshadowing creates suspense by hinting at things to come. [Examples:] – “Had she known, she never would have gone there at night,” OR – “Everything would change when she met Bob” Not all foreshadowing is this direct.

51. Flashback A flashback sends the reader to an earlier time or event that is relevant to the present situation. The writer may use words or phrases such as – “I remember when...” or – “A few years earlier...”

52. Tone Tone is the author’s attitude and emotional expression throughout the text There can be multiple tones in one text. The writer can shift from playful, formal, angry, serious, funny, baffled, tender, peaceful, depressed, etc., at different times of the story.

53. Mood Mood is the overall feeling the reader gets from the story. A writer’s use of language reveals his or her tone or attitude toward the subject matter. The writer may be playful, formal, angry, serious, funny, baffled, tender, peaceful, depressed, etc., and the writer may make the reader feel that way also at the end of the story.

55. Critical Thinking Critical thinking is a "purposeful reflective judgment [about] what to believe or what to do.” Critical thinking is that mode of thinking — about any subject, content, or problem — where the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing it. Critical thinking is self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking.

56. Basically, critically think to critically think you need to have:

58. Narration/Point of View Point of view is identification of who is telling the story. [Four] possible points of view are: 1.First Person – The story is told by one person using the pronoun I. 2.[Second Person – The story is told by one person using the pronoun YOU. (**VERY UNCOMMON)]

59. Narration/Point of View 1.Third Person [Objective] – The story is told be the narrator, using the pronouns he, she, or they: the narrator is not part of the story. [The narrator is a neutral/impartial observer/recorder.] 2.[Third Person Limited – The story is told be a narrator that is not a character in the story and is a reporter of ONLY ONE Character’s thoughts and feelings.] 3.[Third Person] Omniscient – The story is told be an all-knowing narrator who may tell the story from the point of view of any, all, or none of the characters.

60. Film Techniques

61. Standard Camera Shots Extreme long shot – characters are small in frame; all or major parts of buildings appear – establishes physical context of action; shows landscape and architectural exteriors

62. Standard Camera Shots Long shot – All or nearly all of the standing person; large parts of a building – shows a large scale action; shows whole groups of people; displays large architectural details

63. Standard Camera Shots Medium shot – Character shown from waist up; medium-sized architectural details – small groups such as two or three people

64. Standard Camera Shots Close-up – Head and neck of character; objects about the size of the desktop computer fill frame – focus on one character; facial expression very important

65. Standard Camera Shots Extreme close-up – The frame filled with just part of a character or very small objects – facial features in a character or small objects

66. Camera Angle The camera angle helps to determine the point of view of the camera. High Angle – camera is elevated above the action using a crane to give a general overview. – High Angles make the object filmed seem smaller, and less significant. The object or character often gets swallowed up by their setting – they become part of a wider picture

67. High Angle

68. Camera Angle Eye Level – a fairly neutral; the camera is positioned as though it is a human actually observing a scene; the actors’ heads are at level with the focus

69. Camera Angle Low Angle – increases height and give a sense of speeded motion. The added height of the object may make it inspire fear and insecurity in the view

70. Individual Work Concentration Activity – Goal – to memorize the acronym STEAL and the definitions of indirect and direct characterization Characterization Exercise – Find me one example of indirect and direct characterization in one of the short stories. Run up and show me. – Write two characterization paragraphs (direct and indirect).

71. Pair Work Tone and Mood Exercise – In pairs (2 people), work together to complete Tone and Mood Practice Handout. STRATEGY – highlight the key descriptor (adjectives) words that reveal the tone in each section of text – This is a 20 minute exercise. Don’t worry if you don’t finish. – Afterwards, we, as a class, are going to go over the answers and why they answers are the answers.

72. Group Work You will be put into groups. Once in your groups, you will be given a story. For that story you will find the following: – Exposition – Initial Incident – Climax – Denouement – Resolution – Setting – Internal Conflict – External Conflict – Theme – Foreshadowing – Flashback (option) – Irony (option)