1. Homework CW #6 due Thursday. Test on the Cold War Monday (all multiple choice!). Castle Learning #3 due Thursday, May 19 at 11:59 pm.

2. Aim #9: How did the Cold War come to an end? (continued) Do Now: What was détente? What were some examples of this policy?

3. I. Cold War Gets Worse A.Stalin dies in 1953. A new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (rules 1953-1964) comes to power. He claims to support a policy of De-Stalinization. However, relations between the U.S. and Soviets remain bad under Khrushchev. B. Sources of tension: 1. U-2 Incident (1960): The Soviet military shot down an American U-2 aircraft deep in Soviet territory. The pilot admitted he was spying on Soviet military bases. 2. The Berlin Wall (1961): East Berlin communists build a wall around their part of the city, now people can’t flee to West Berlin to escape communism.

4. I. Cold War Gets Worse 3. Space Race: Soviets launch the first satellite into space (Sputnik) in 1957. U.S. retaliates by creating a space program (NASA) and putting the first man on the moon in 1969. 4. Soviet Union violently puts down revolts in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia (The Prague Spring) in 1968. 5. Plus, many of the conflicts we have talked about already a. Korean / Vietnam Wars b. Cuban Missile Crisis c. The Arms Race

5. II. Détente A.By the early 1970s, the U.S. and the Soviets are looking to form better relations. B.U.S. President Richard Nixon and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev agree to a policy of détente, or decreasing Cold War tensions: 1. Arms control talks and treaties (SALT treaties in 1972 and 1979) limit the number of nuclear missiles the U.S. and Soviets can have. 2. Nixon visits both China and the Soviet Union in 1972, opens economic relations/trade agreements, establishes cultural exchanges. 3. Détente is continued by Nixon’s successors, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter

6. III. New Tensions in the 1980s A.In 1979 the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan to keep a pro- communist government in power. President Carter is angered by Soviet aggression, détente ends. B.In the early 1980s, U.S. President Ronald Reagan increases Cold War tensions: 1. Starts the arms race again. Plans to build an anti-missile device called the Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars). 2. Calls the Soviet Union “the evil empire”

7. IV. Causes of the Soviet Union Collapse A.The new arms race with the U.S. starts to bankrupt the Soviet Union in the 1980s → this is why many give Reagan credit for “winning” the Cold War B.Reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet leader from 1985-1991) 1. Perestroika: Introduces some capitalist reforms into the Soviet economy. 2. Glasnost: Ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss openly the problems in the Soviet Union.

8. IV. Causes of the Soviet Union Collapse C. Countries in Eastern Europe break away from Soviet control D. In 1989, East Germans overthrow their communist government, tear down the Berlin Wall. Germany is now reunited as one country. E. Soviet Union collapses in 1991. They go back to being just Russia. U.S. wins the Cold War!

9. Concluding Question Did Mikhail Gorbachev end the Cold War?