2. After the War of 1812

3.  funds for national defense  frigates for the navy  a standing army and federal control of the militia  federal aid for building roads and canals  protective tariff to encourage manufactures  re-establishing the national bank  federal assumption of some state debts

4.  Later Madison’s program was referred as the “American System” which would benefit everyday sections of the country.

5.  American manufacturers wanted a protective tariff  Congress enacted a tariff to continue the high duties that had been imposed as a war measure in 1812  That way “infant industries” would be protected

6.  The first Bank of the United States had not been re- chartered and closed its doors.  Without a national bank it was difficult for the nation to pay for the war.

7.  Without a national bank, state banks had multiplied each issuing its own paper money.  The national government had to deal with several banks to borrow money during the war instead of a national bank.  There was no one national currency.

8.  Bill introduced to pay for roads and canals called “internal improvements.”  The money raised by the second bank of the United States would be used to pay for improvements.  Madison vetoed the Bonus Bill.  Because of the veto the North built roads and canals and later railroads to the West because they had the money to do so.  The South remained agricultural because they did not have the money to spend.

9. National Road

10. Corduroy Roads Corduroy Roads were made of logs laid side-by- side in marshy areas

11. Industrial Revolution

12.  Allowed production of goods with identical parts,  Made manufacturing more efficient and goods more reliable

13.  Lighter steel blade,  Improved plowing of heavy soil and promoted westward expansion

14.  Cut grain,  Increased farm production

15.  Separated wheat kernels from husks,  Improved farming

16.  Cleaned cotton,  Improved cotton production and allowed expansion

17.  Allowed inland water transport  Promoted trade and expansion

18.  Used steam power to turn paddle wheels  Allowed river travel against current and improved transportation

19.  Sent electrical pulses along a wire  Improved long- distance communication  Samuel Morse develops Morse Code

20. Era of Good Feeling

21.  His term in office proved to be an era without political parties.  With the ending of the Federalist Party in 1816 there was no need for the Republican Party

22.  Economic sectionalism produced conflicting ideas about the tariff, banks, internal improvements, slavery, the right to vote, and almost everything else.  The East depended on commerce and industry.  The South lived on an economy of large plantations.  The West was a land of small farms.

23.  For a time after the War of 1812, the sectional differences remained hidden replaced by Nationalism.  With a severe depression in 1819, each section demanded new laws in its own special interest.

24.  An agreement between the United States and Britain.  Limited each side’s naval forces on the Great Lakes.  Set the 49 parallel as the U.S.-Canadian border as far west as the Rocky Mountains

25.  An agreement between the United States and Spain  Pirates and runaway slaves used East Florida as a refuge.  Native Americans raided white settlements in Georgia  President Monroe gave Spain a choice.  Either police Florida or turn it over to the U.S.  Treaty gave U.S. Florida and claims to the Oregon Country.

26.  The state of Maryland had tried to force the Bank of the United States out of the state by taxing it.  Marshall said no state had the right to hinder or control any national institution within its borders.  The laws of the United States were “the supreme law of the land,” and the states had no power to prevent the growth of a national government.

27.  Two steamship operators fought over shipping rights on the Hudson River in New York and New Jersey.  The Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government, not the state governments, could regulate interstate commerce.  Strengthened the powers of the federal government.

28.  Court ruled that the charter of Dartmouth College in New Hampshire was a private contract  Since the Constitution protects private contracts, New Hampshire could not change Dartmouth’s charter  The court was protecting private businesses and promoting capitalism

29. 1820

30.  the demand for cotton was great. Farmers were planting cotton instead of other crops and the demand for slaves increased.  The question of slavery arose again when Missouri requested admission to the Union.  This sparked a heated debate over the expansion of slavery in Congress.  It was a question of power

31.  This would mean an even vote between the two groups in the Senate.  But when Missouri wanted to enter there was not a free state that could be paired with Missouri.  Whoever controlled the Senate would be able to control government policy on the Federal Bank, on tariffs, on federal money for roads and canals, and on slavery.  After a year the Missouri Compromise was passed in Congress in 1820.

32.  Missouri was added as a slave state  Maine was a free state.  At the same time the compromise drew a line through all the rest of the lands of the Louisiana Purchase excluding slavery forever from the north of the parallel of 36’ 30’ (the southern boundary of Missouri) except for the state of Missouri itself.

33.  Farsighted leaders realized that the Missouri Compromise was nothing more than a truce and a fight for slavery would happen.

34. 1823

35.  The nation felt threatened not only by sectionalism, but also by events elsewhere in the Americas.  In Latin America, several countries had successfully fought for independence from Spain and Portugal.  European monarchies planned to help Spain and Portugal regain their colonies.  U.S. leaders feared that if this happened, their own government would be in danger.  Russian colonies in the Pacific Northwest also concerned Americans.  Russians entered Alaska and trading posts reached almost to San Francisco.

36.  Americas were closed to further colonization (Western Hemisphere)  Any European efforts to reestablish colonies would be considered “dangerous to our peace and safety.”  Promised that the United States would stay out of European affairs.  In return, Europe must not disturb the republics on this side of the ocean.

37.  The Monroe Doctrine showed that the United States saw itself as a world power and protector of Latin America  It was a defiant warning to strong European powers.

38. Election of 1824