1. 1/25 EQ: How has oil shaped the economy of the Middle East?

2. Living in the Middle East Chapter 19 Section 1

3. Meeting Food Needs Producing food for a rapidly growing population is a challenge in many parts of the region. More developed countries, such as Saudi Arabia, use oil profits to import food; less developed countries, such as Afghanistan often grow their own food despite small yields

4. Meeting Food Needs Only a small part of the region’s land is farmable, but many people work in agriculture. Grains and fruit are important crops. Livestock, cotton, silkworms, and tea are also important to certain areas. Fishing is a major industry that provides an important source of food. The Persian Gulf has about 150 edible species of fish. How do people in the region manage during crop failures?

5. Industrial Growth North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia supplies much of the world’s petroleum. Iran and Saudi Arabia have developed oil-refining and oil- shipping facilities. In some countries, natural gas supports manufacturing, and mining provides export income.

6. Industrial Growth Service industries and tourism play a large part in some of the region’s economies. North Africa and Southwest Asia are favorite tourist destinations. Religious conflicts and political instability, however, have discouraged tourism in some countries. Why would a country like Iran discourage foreign visitors when tourism is a significant source of income?

7. Transportation and Communication Iran, Turkey, and Egypt are crisscrossed by extensive highway systems. Mountains and deserts in some countries pose obstacles to road construction. Rapid transit systems are beginning to appear in cities such as Istanbul. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, Central Asian countries have set up their own airlines. However, the Main transportation routes in this region are roads.

8. Transportation and Communication The region’s economies depend heavily on water transportation. Merchant traffic, such as oil tankers, enters and leaves through the Strait of Tiran, between the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea, or the Strait of Hormuz, linking the Persian Gulf with the Arabian Sea. Pipelines carry oil from its sources to various ports on the Mediterranean and Red Seas and the Persian Gulf.

9. Transportation and Communication Television and radio broadcasting is expanding, and satellite technology is improving communications. Many people in major cities rely on cellular phones for communication. In 1998 over 16,000 miles of cable were laid along the route of the ancient Silk Road, providing digital access to 20 countries. Plans are underway to build a network of road, rail, and air transportation systems tracing the Silk Road’s path. What kinds of lifestyles changes can the people of this region expect with digital access?

10. Interdependence Wealthier countries in the region, such as Saudi Arabia, are helping developing countries, such as the Central Asian republics. Aid includes trade deals and development loans. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) includes eight countries in the region. OPEC has given its members control over oil prices and production rates. Because other countries depend heavily on the region’s oil, OPEC has considerable world power and influence. For example, when the United States aided Israel during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, OPEC reduced shipments of oil to the United States.

11. Interdependence Industrialized countries like the United States depend on oil from the region, and the region depends on the export of this product. Both sides recognize that, despite political and economic disagreements, they need to work together. How does Oil wealth affect relationships among countries in the region?

12. Web Quest Assignment Directions: Go to the OPEC Website: http://www.opec.org/opec_web /en/index.htm http://www.opec.org/opec_web /en/index.htm 1.Click on About US, read the brief description and click on and read the History Link 2.Click on FAQs and click on The Oil explore the answers to the questions presented 3.Click on Data/Graphs and the OPEC Oil Reserves link 1.What is OPEC? Who are the 11 member countries? 2.Explain the objective of OPEC 3.What is Crude Oil? 4.How many barrels of oil were in the reserves as of 2014? What was the world demand of barrels of oil per day? Calculate how many years the oil reserves will last 5.What will happen when the oil runs out? What are some energy alternatives being developed today?

13. People and Their Environment Chapter 19 Section 3

14. 1/26- EQ: How has the Middle East adapted to their environment?

15. The Need for Water North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia have limited sources of freshwater. Much of it come from rivers, oases, and aquifers. Only a few countries have enough water for irrigation. One solution to limited water resources is desalination - the removal of salt from seawater. The region’s desalination plants produce about 2.4 billion gallons of water per day.

16. The Need for Water Ancient Nabataeans, who lived in what is now Jordan, “harvested” rainwater, storing it in a system of pipes and cisterns for use throughout the year. Libya’s “great man-made river” is an ambitious project to supply freshwater. Two pipelines carry water from large aquifers beneath the Sahara to farms near the Mediterranean coast. What might be an alternative solution to water shortages?

17. Environmental Concerns The Aswan High Dam, 600 miles south of Cairo, irrigates 3 million acres of land and provides nearly half of Egypt’s electric power. It also has created the world’s largest artificial lake. The dam, however, has blocked the Nile’s natural process of depositing fertile soil and washing salt from soil when it floods each year. Farmers now must fertilize the soil by other means. Egypt is working to overcome these problems.

18. Environmental Concerns War in the region has had a negative effect on the environment. During the Persian Gulf War of 1991, Iraqi troops retreating from Kuwait set fire to oil wells and dumped about 250 million gallons of oil into the Persian Gulf. The long-term effects of the smoke and oil pollution are still unknown.

19. Environmental Concerns Central Asian countries have inherited the Soviet era’s environmental problems. For example, radiation leaks from Soviet nuclear testing have contaminated areas of Kazakhstan.

20. Environmental Concerns The Caspian, Dead, and Aral Seas face environmental challenges. Pollution and overfishing threaten fish in the Caspian Sea. The Dead Sea’s water level has dropped drastically over the last 40 years because water has been diverted for irrigation and hydroelectric plants. The Aral Sea has had water diverted from feeder rivers to irrigate cropland. People living by the Aral Sea are now working to revive the sea as a chain of lakes that can support fish. What factors prevent countries near these threatened seas from developing alternatives to overuse of these water resources?

21. Writing Assignment Experts claim that water scarcity may someday lead to armed conflicts in various parts of the world. One factor contributing to the water crisis is rapid population growth and the increasing demand it places on available water supplies. Adding to populaiton pressure is the continuing increase in water pollution. What alternatives to conflict might countries take in dealing with their water problems? How might international groups help defuse disputes over water sources? Write a paragraph to answer these two questions.

22. Geography Alive: The Aral Sea: Central Asia’s Shrinking Water Source EQ: HOW ARE HUMANS AFFECTED BY CHANGES THEY MAKE TO THEIR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT? YOU WILL NEED THE GEOGRAPHY ALIVE BOOKS GET THEM AND FLIP TO CHAPTER 26 (PAGE 379)

23. Warm-up: Complete the Chart Below using pages 379-381 GeotermDefinitionSentenceSymbol Environmental degradation Groundwater Salinization Water stress For each term write down its definition in your own words. Write down the word in a sentence, and then draw a symbol to represent each word. You have 5 minutes

24. Class discussion and Introduction to assignment  What Sea is this?  What has happened to the Sea?  What do you think caused this to happen?  Who is responsible?  Today you will perform documentaries to discover why and how this change occurred.

25. Write down these questions you will answer them through group skits.  Section 26.3- What was life like for farmers in the Aral Sea region when cotton was king?  Section 26.3- How have farmers been affected by the shrinking Aral Sea?  Section 26.4- What was life like for people in the fishing industry when the sea was rich in fish?  Section 26.4- How was the fishing industry affected by the shrinking Aral Sea?  Section 26.5- What was life like for people of the Aral Sea when water was plentiful?  Section 26.5- How has people’s health been affected by the shrinking Aral Sea?

26. Work with your Groups to create a Skit  Using the directions provided to you create a Documentary Skit on the group assigned to you.  Use this time to create your Skit.  Your Skit should be 2-3 minutes in length. You will have 15 minutes to create your Skit  The Documentaries will be on:  Farmers in the Aral Sea Region Before 1970  Farmers in the Aral Sea Region Today  Fishing Industry in the Aral Sea Region Before 1960  Fishing Industry in the Aral Sea Region Today  Residents in the Aral Sea Region Before 1970  Residents in the Aral Sea Region Today  When the Bell Rings the first documentary should start presenting

27. Farmers in the Aral Sea Region Before 1970  Section 26.3- What was life like for farmers in the Aral Sea region when cotton was king?

28. Farmers in the Aral Sea Region Today  Section 26.3- How have farmers been affected by the shrinking Aral Sea?

29. Fishing Industry in the Aral Sea Region Before 1960  Section 26.4- What was life like for people in the fishing industry when the sea was rich in fish?

30. Fishing Industry in the Aral Sea Region Today  Section 26.4- How was the fishing industry affected by the shrinking Aral Sea?

31. Residents in the Aral Sea Region Before 1970  Section 26.5- What was life like for people of the Aral Sea when water was plentiful?

32. Residents in the Aral Sea Region Today  Section 26.5- How has people’s health been affected by the shrinking Aral Sea?

33. Class Discussion  What is the most startling information or trend you see in these graphs?  What are some of the major problems facing people who live near the Aral Sea?  Whose lives do you think have been most dramatically affected by the changes in the sea?  What are some things that must be done if these people are going to survive?