1. Beethoven 1770 – 1827

2. Early Period 1770 - 1802

3. Life in Vienna String Quartet No. 12 in E Flat Major Sold for L 1,181,600

4. Early Piano Sonatas Conceived for amateurs Technical demands increased quickly Strong contrast of style to delineate form Expand the expressive range Moonlight Sonata: 1 st movement

5. Sonate Pathetique (Sonata with Pathos) No. 8 Op. 13 1 st movement Dramatic and slow introduction Returns twice 2 nd movement Serene A flat major 3 rd movement Stormy mood Return to original key Sonata-rondo form (ABACAB’A) Uses counterpoint in “C” Plays with keys used previously (c minor to A flat major, etc.) Written in 1798 Beethoven was 27 years old Written in 1798 Beethoven was 27 years old

6. Symphony No. 1 in C major Similar to late work of Haydn and Mozart Distinctive features Slow introduction that avoids a clear tonic cadence Dynamic shadings Prominent woodwinds A Scherzo-like third movement Long codas in 1 st and 4 th movements Premiered in 1800 Beethoven was 29 years old Premiered in 1800 Beethoven was 29 years old

7. Middle Period 1803-1814

8. Characteristics of Middle Period Style Began composing in a new style Composed with deliberation Realized he was going deaf Reflect the struggles in his life Period seems to build on Haydn and Mozart (rather than reflect it)

9. The Eroica Symphony, No. 3 in E Flat Major Longer than any previous symphony The symphony is a celebration of a hero Originally named “Bonaparte”, tore out dedication page 1 st movement: Story of challenge, struggle, and final victory 2 nd movement: funeral march 3 rd movement: quick and calling of horns 4 th : mixes different forms (fugues, variations, and marches BEETHOVEN CHALLENGED HIS LISTENERS WITH THIS SYMPHONY TO ENGAGE IN MUSIC DEEPLY AND THOUGHTFULLY Written in 1803-1804 Beethoven was 31-31 years old Written in 1803-1804 Beethoven was 31-31 years old

10. Fidelio Chamber Music Concertos Symphonies 5 & 6 Fidelio: based on a rescue plot Only opera glorifies heroism and humanitarian ideas of the Revolution Revised the opera many times Chamber Music: continued to test abilities of amateurs Concertos: grander scale than early works Expanded dimensions and expressive range Symphony No. 5 (1807-08) Struggle for victory Famous “4 notes” heard in all four movements Symphony No. 6 (the Pastoral, 1808) Describes life in the country Has an extra movement Woodwinds imitate birdcalls Symphony No. 6, (the Pastoral)

11. Late Period 1815-1827

12. Grosse Fugue

13. Characteristics of Late Style Late quartets were published in “score” (suggesting they were meant to be studied as well as played More introspective Musical language became more concentrated Classical forms stayed but greatly modified and contorted Variation structure focused on the theme Emphasis on continuity Performer to seek out composers vision Altered arrangement and number of movements

14. Missa Solemnis Originally as a mass for Archduke Became too long for liturgical use Influence of Handel can be heard in vocal lines 5 movements Unified into symphonic structure Concert piece

15. Symphony No. 9 Beethoven could not hear the applause after the scherzo movement First three movements last more than an hour First symphony to use voices Final movement is unorthodox form

16. Impact of Beethoven on Western Culture Beethoven Outcast Artist Immediately Popular Achieved Greatness Central Repertoire Influenced others Pushed to Think