1. Nigeria Group Dee Jones, Amber Thorpe, Jonathan Sumner, Mara Stern, Victor Smith, Melissa Fourrier

2. Examination of historical, cultural, and social factors that make the modern state

3. Historical Factors ●April 2007 marked an important landmark in Nigerian democracy. It was the first time one Nigerian civilian president was set to hand over power. ●The president at the time (President Obasanjo) who wanted to extend his time in office from two terms to longer. Tried to create a crisis through blatant electoral fraud. But his efforts didn’t work, and in May of 2007 Obasanjo had no other option but to Umarau Musa Yar’ Adua who was the chosen successor.

4. Historical Factors ●This moment captured 2 central but contradictory, trends in Nigeria’s current political development ●Democratization in Nigeria—nearly a whole decade before after the exit of the military power—has yet to produce good governance. ●Instead Authoritarian rule has given way to competitive oligarchy, in which a increasingly greedy, oil rich political elite fight to expand their power. ●During this time more than 90% of Nigerian people struggle to survive on less than 2 US dollars per day.

5. Historical Factors ●With the poverty rate growing, and the slow rate of change amongst the government— voters began to take matters in their own hands demanding a greater share of the nation’s wealth and a greater say in political decisions. ●Something else this young democracy faced was managing the country's ethical and religious diversity.

6. Historical Factors ●With all these negative factors happening under President Adua’s power—the country began to get restless and the struggle with authoritarian and democratic governance continued. ●Do to all these factors including low levels of legitimacy and accountability Nigeria was still characterized as an unfinished state at the end of president Aduas presidency.

7. Cultural and Social Factors ●Discrimination ●Sometimes there are social or cultural factors that hold back poor countries. Discrimination is one of these. If there are certain people groups that are discriminated against, the country’s overall productivity can suffer. ●Also linked to cultural and social factors that shape a modern state is population, cultural values, and limits of cultural interpretations.

8. Examination of political economy and development

9. Origins of Economic Decline ●During the colonial and immediate post colonial periods, Nigeria’s economy was centered on agricultural production for domestic consumption. ●By the 1960s, Nigeria shifted to the development of nonfood export crops through large scale enterprises. ●Three factors effectively damaged the Nigerian agricultural sector: ●The Biafran War (1967-1970) ●Severe drought ●And the development of the petroleum industry

10. Oil In Nigeria ●During the 1970s oil boom it allowed Nigeria to increase in education, defense, and infrastructure expenditures. ●Nigeria in the 1970s relied on oil for more than 90% of its export earnings and 75% of government revenues ●The economic downturn and the increase in oil wealth income lead to corruption ●In 2002 internet scams had become one of Nigeria’s top five industries, earning more then $100 million annually.

11. Structural Adjustment ●The year 1985 the Babangida regime developed the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) ●Also in the 1980s, Nigeria seeks assistance from international organizations to deal with debt crisis ●World Bank and IMF involvement ●Restructure & modification of the Nigerian economy ●Cut government spending

12. Social Welfare The economic decline in Nigeria has caused great suffrage since the 1980s. ●Life expectancy is barely above forty years, and infant mortality is estimated at more than 80 deaths per 1,000 live births. ●Main illnesses: HIV/AIDS and malaria Nigerians do not have access to formal sector jobs ●70% live on less than a dollar a day ●92% live on less than two dollars a day

13. Nigeria in the Regional Political Economy Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) was formed in 1975. ● Attempts to unite currency and trade efforts ●Mission: promote economic integration across the region; trade block

14. Nigeria in the Regional Political Economy Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) was formed in 1975. ● Attempts to unite currency and trade efforts ●Mission: promote economic integration across the region; trade block

15. Examination of governance and policy-making process

16. Governance and Policy ●Bicameral legislature all headed by president Muhammadu Buhari ●National Assembly and Nigerian Armed Services

17. Past Policy Making ●Extreme poverty and low literacy rates blamed for lack of political influence by general population ●Nigeria was ruled by harsh dictatorships with no care for transparency or alternative political views ●Military Juntas from 1960-1999 ruled Nigeria ●Constant power shifts from various coups and general causes parasitic policy

18. Governance and Elite -Currently, policy is mainly influenced by a wealthy minority and foreign collaborators Opinion Elite- recognized opinion leaders outside of government ●Education has been promoted, enrollment rates up 40% in recent years ●Environmental policies including resource conservation enacted

19. Cultural Governance Federal Constitution, 1999 includes cultural goals ●Governmental funding of broadcasting and not film ●Federal Department of Culture regulates exchange policy of merchandise between countries

20. Examination of representation and political participation

21. Representation and Political Participation Civil Society Nigerian Society has found models of participation outside the official structures. Civil Society are the methods of the unofficial and extra-governmental methods of representation and participation. The government represents the country on an international and global scale, but unless citizens are among the wealthy, their needs are largely overlooked.

22. Representation and Political Participation The Legislature ●Very unstable politically ●1966 Coup-British Westminster model ●1979-1983- Bicameral legislature ●Equal State Representation

23. Representation and Political Participation Party System and Elections ●Legacy of the system was that political parties were represented with certain ethnic groups. ●Campaign promises-water, light, food, minimum wage-things that are rights.

24. Representation and Political Participation Political Culture, Citizenship and Identity ●Modernity versus Traditionalism ●Religion ●The Press

25. Representation and Political Participation Interests, Social Movements, and Protests ●Labor ●The Business Community ●Other Social Groups

26. Analysis of Politics in Transition

27. First Republic Nigeria gained total independence from Britain and became a republic on october 1st 1963 Implemented the first republic in the year on the same day 1963 The country was split into geopolitical regions Each party(3) took on the separate identities and ideologies of each region. The north dominated the politics causing, anger and envy among politicians. This brought chaos to the country. Resulted in a civil war. Politics in Transition

28. Politics in transition Second Republic Second republic was founded in 1979 and lasted until 1983. Created a new constitution Inserted the westminster system and an American style presidential system to avoid pitfalls like the first republic System started failing because of lack of cooperation between the parties, the oil boom ended and caused a recession and corruption December 31st 1983, the military overthrew the government because of corruption and administrative incompetence President shagari was jailed and members of the cabinet were jailed or exiled

29. Politics in Transition Third Republic put in place in 1993, when the military promised to terminate its rule Goal was to avoid the pitfalls of the first two republics President Moshood Abiola (MKO) was elected president, but did not take office immediately Military pushed back there decision Sent country into total chaos and caused the military leader to step down President MKO would later be arrested on charges of treason, which ended the third republic

30. Politics in Transition Fourth Republic Put in place in 1999 and still is in place Came into place after the death of military leader Soni Abache in 199 The ban on political activity was lifted as well in 1998 Longest republic to stand in Nigeria (17 years) Seen as a revival of the second republic, has many similar characteristics Has seen four presidents take office

31. Examination of its international relations

32. Colonial Rule 1860 – 1960: The British Influence StrengthsWeaknesses -Can’t think of any - Colonial rule deepened the extraction of Nigeria’s natural resources & the exploitation of Nigerian labor (Nigerians fought in British wars, built British empires, etc…) -British Colonial rule strengthened the Nigerian collective identities of the multiple ethnic groups. By fostering political competition these groups came to regard the state as an exploitative instrument; one to be used to pursue personal and group interests rather than broad national interests. -British played off ethnic/social divisions to keep Nigerians from developing organized political resistance to colonial rule Examination of Nigeria’s International Relations

33. Examination of Nigeria’s International Relations

34. Examination of Nigeria’s International Relations The Fourth Republic 1999 to Present: Strengths Weaknesses -Obasanjo embarked on mission of -Niger Delta crisis hurt Nigeria shuttle diplomacy -Corruption is still widespread -1999, US lifted ban btw direct -Domestic policies on infrastructure flights from US to Nigeriafailed to attract foreign investors - Nigeria assumed leadership of intl. organizations: ECOWAS, AU, G-77. This implies that the international community had restored its confidence in Nigeria. -Before Obasanjo, Nigeria debt totaled 27 billion which was the highest indebted country in Africa; -Nigeria’s reserves rose from 2 billion dollars in 1999 to 43 billion in 2007 when he left office -He secured pardons from the Paris and London Club amounting to some 18 billion dollars -His administration led peacekeeping missions in Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and Sierra Leone -Obasanjo moved on the construction of the West African Gas Pipeline Project (WAPCO)

35. Examination of Nigeria’s International Relations April 2007 – President Yar’Adua elected - February 2010 – President Goodluck takes office May 2015 – Muhammadu Buhari takes office CURRENT STATE OF AFFAIRS IN NIGERIA Strengths Weaknesses -Nigeria considered a key power on -Nigeria remains highly underdeveloped African continent because of its political & economic role in -Poor governance and corruption region have limited infrastructure develop -Lagos, commercial center, among -Slowing economic growth world’s largest cities -High poverty -World’s major sources of high crude oil -2 nd largest HIV/AIDS infected -Nigerian troops have played important -Africa’s highest tuberculosis burden rle in peace & stability operations on -Boko Haram has contributed to major continent deterioration of security conditions -Among top ten contributors to UN -Niger Delta region fuels conflicts Peacekeeping missions due to oil- production and criminality

36. Examination of Nigeria’s International Relations Nigeria in the News… 136/168 Transparency International Ranking for Corruptions Perception Index

37. Examination of Nigeria’s International Relations Nigeria’s Primary International Relationship = CHINA Physical Infrastructure Transformation Abuja Light Rail; Abuja-Kaduna railway; Lagos Mass Transit system $12 billion contract for railway linking Lagos to Calabar, China’s largest overseas contract ever; $4 billion Chinese exports; 200,00 local jobs Educational & Employment Opportunities Beijing has established a Chinese learning center; several Confucius Institutes; and Chinese Language Teaching Centers in Abuja Future Outlook 2016 marks the 45th anniversary of diplomatic relations China expects to achieve $400 billion in total trade with Africa Nigeria became first African country to include Chinese currency (RMB) in foreign exchange reserves Nigeria is 7th most populated country in world; experts estimate it will surpass 752 million people by 2100 (it should surpass the US by 2050) according to UN reports

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