1. The Last Dynasty of China Falls Qing  [Civil War  Communism] Which European motive for imperialism was the most influential force behind the establishment of spheres of influence in China? Imperialism in China Opium den Shanghai In 1907 Former US pres. Ulysses S Grant meets Chinese viceroy Li Hung Chang (Tianjin, 1879) to discuss Chinese trade relations.

2. Background to European Interest in China From the mid-16 th c to the end of the 18 th century, China’s huge economy was at the heart of the global economy. Tax levied by the Chinese government were required to be paid in silver, a resource in limited availability in China, but happened to be in massive supply in South America. For example, Portuguese and Dutch traders flocked to Manila to trade silver for the Chinese Europeans wanted—porcelain, silk, and tea. This caused a “silver drain.” As one Portuguese merchant in 1621 noted, silver “wandered throughout all the world… before flocking to China, where it remains as if at its center.” In terms of supply and demand, foreigners with silver could now purchase far more of China’s goods than they had before. This created a robust Chinese economy, as they had to keep up with European demand. However, by the beginning of the 19 th century, China’s good fortune had turned against it. A prosperous economy and the introduction of new food crops from the Americas led to a massive population boon. Within two centuries population increased over 300%, reaching 430 million by 1853. No Industrial Revolution accompanied this increase, nor did agricultural output. Instead, the population pressure in turn put pressure on land availability. Peasant farms got smaller and unemployment increased, resulting in poverty, starvation and misery. These population and economic stresses also placed great strains on the Qing Dynasty’s ability to effectively manage state affairs and social stability. Severely understaffed, state officials could not effectively collect taxes or provide state services such as flood control, social security or public security. As the state lost power to local official and landed nobility, corruption and exploitation of the peasants became the norm. Bandits roamed the countryside. Peasant grievances led to uprisings. Fingers were pointed largely at two groups for these problems: European imperialists and the Qing emperors.

3. Tribute systems require manpower and cost money and power to administer. By 1875 the tributary system had dissolved, but tribute embassies had already been in decline. Qing Dynasty at its zenith

4. Qing Dynasty were Manchu, ethnic minority group of China from Manchuria and Mongolia regions. Seen as foreigners by the Han ethnic majority Under Qing Dynasty, empire expands significantly; tributary states added to Chinese trade network; silver flows readily into empire from Atlantic trade -overpopulation -land shortage -poverty -starvation -decline in flood control bc canals and irrigation not maintained -decline in state services and protection -loses wars -allows foreigners to seize trade and territory peasants revolt: Taiping Rebellion Boxer Rebellion Child Emperor Puyi is the “Last Emperor” that ruled China from 1908-1912, and as a puppet for 12 days in 1917 Civil war erupts in country and does not officially end until China becomes communist under Mao Zedong Qing’s Dynastic Cycle

5. England sent a diplomatic mission to China to meet with emperor. Mission brought hundreds of gifts of state. Mission failed to est trade privileges for GB. GB responds by flooding China with opium. China went into crisis fearing a trade deficit and a serious drug problem for men under 40. China felt disrespect by GB. GB demanded free trade. Treaty of Nanking (1842) Ends 1 st Opium War British got: -spheres of influence in the port cities -given Hong Kong -reparations -reduced tariffs The Opium Wars Treaty of Tianjin (1858) Ends 2 nd Opium War GB, F, R got: -GB gets Hong Kong -permanent diplomatic presence -reparations -opium legalized -economic spheres of influence -extraterritoriality -Christians full civil rights

6. The above document is evidence of: 1.economic factors 2.political factors 3.social factors: humanitarianism 4.social factors: racism Highlight the specific evidence.

7. ceded to Russia in 1860 Why? ceded to Japan in 1910 Why? Took 60 years and 3 wars, but British ceded Burma in 1886. Formerly a tributary kingdom. These 5 port cities were opened to British trade; Hong Kong was GIVEN to the British as a result of the 1 st Opium War (1842) French conquer “French Indochina” by 1887. Formerly tributary kingdoms. China mid-19 th c from the Qing perspective

8. China late 19 th c, from the foreign perspective 1.unequal treaties resulted in territorial and trade gains 2.spheres of influence resulted in further increasing competition between nations 3.secured foreign nationals’ extraterritoriality and Christian converts’ civil rights. 4.secured exclusive trading rights with tyrannical warlords in the interior for mining & railroad building

9. Political cartoons are visual representations of perspectives on historical events. They often present the artist’s opinion or an argument. This cartoon is addressing imperialism in China. What type of imperialism is being represented here? 1.economic imperialism 2.cultural imperialism 3.spheres of influence 4.colonialism 5.protectorates This document is evidence of which motive for imperialism: 1.economic factors 2.political factors 3.social factors: humanitarianism 4.social factors: racism Explain your answer.

10. 6. Describe how China is depicted, both in dress and in attitude. 5. Describe how Japan is depicted, both in dress and in attitude. 4. Describe how France is depicted, both in dress and in attitude. 5. Describe how Russia is depicted, both in dress and in attitude. 5. Describe How Prussia is depicted, both in dress and in attitude. 1. Describe How GB is depicted, both in dress and in attitude.

11. For centuries, heads of state (kings, chiefs, presidents, premiers, etc.) have exchanged ceremonial gifts when they meet to discuss negotiations between their countries. Diplomatic visits are filled with pomp and ceremony, and gifts are seen as a polite and respectful way to initiate peaceful negotiations. Gifts of state are universally seen as symbols of cooperation and friendship, so to refuse them would be offensive. Describe: What are the types of gifts being presented to China (Qing Dynasty)? Explain: When foreign diplomats met with Chinese officials what were the results of these meetings? What do the gifts in this cartoon symbolize? Analyze: Why can’t China refuse them? This document is evidence of which motive for imperialism: 1.economic factors 2.political factors 3.humanitarianism 4.Racism Explain your answer.

12. The above document is evidence of: 1.economic factors 2.political factors 3.social factors: humanitarianism 4.social factors: racism Highlight the specific evidence.

13. “The Korean Government has decided to preserve a strict neutrality in the event of war between Japan and Russia”-Daily Paper The above document is evidence of: 1.economic factors 2.political factors 3.social factors: humanitarianism 4.social factors: racism Highlight the specific evidence.

14. Western Missionaries in 19 th C China Christian missionaries came to China from all European backgrounds. They mainly stationed themselves outside of cities, in the more rural areas of China where peasants needed humanitarian assistance. They ran orphanages, built Christian schools where they evangelized, provided medicine, taught English and translated Western works into Chinese. They had two opposite effects: increased xenophobia and anti-European sentiments and converts to Christianity and the Taiping Rebellion. The failures of the dynasty led to a series of rebellions starting in 1850. Chinese peasants were angry over poverty, corruption, natural disasters, overpopulation, and decline in state services. One particular revolt caused significant alarm. A man, Hong Xiuquan, believing he was the brother of Jesus, proselytized about the creating a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” where no one would be poor. His followers stirred the Taiping Rebellion. Although with European intervention the revolt was put down in 1864, it cost 20-30 million deaths. Qing Dynasty also loses much of its sovereignty to regional leaders and falls into rapid collapse for the remainder of the century. Taiping Rebellion

15. By 1899, problems existed that would lead to collapse of dynasty. Political Economic Not able to stand up to foreign aggression Russia, Japan and Germany became increasingly grabby after Taiping Rebellion Social -Poverty of rural peasants -high taxes of provincial warlords -anti-Western sentiments -resistance to the movement to transform rural, traditional China -unequal changes btwn coastal areas and interior

16. Why would GB and the US care if Qing Dynasty collapsed in 1899? Chinese riots and revolts Made more money with emperor on the throne Potential war btwn imperialists Great Britain needed central gov’t to maintain order and control. With it… US Open Door Policy Proposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay (1899) Fear that China would be carved up between imperialist powers Left China’s independence and territory intact All nations could trade equally in China Eventually, endorsed internationally but not always strictly followed

17. Wanted to maintain the integrity of the Chinese government US trading companies wanted to operate in China Principle vs. Profit?

18. Reduced Western hysteria over land grabbing Too little too late to stop domestic anger and hysteria Effects of the Open Door Policy (1899- 1900) Boxer Rebellion (1900) “destroy the foreigner” -Christian missionaries and converts -foreign and Chinese railroad workers and foreign businessmen Foreign influence and growing domination: signs of foreign power and westernization including industrial machines and technology Religion: Christian Missionaries threatened traditional Chinese Confucianism Foreign Troops: foreigners lives under extraterritoriality in own communities -put down by allied forces  made Chinese govt even more weak politically and indebted to west bc of reparations

19. German Cartoons: German Perspective on the Boxer Rebellion Qing Dynasty had to make concession to foreign powers that put down the revolt. This only fueled further Chinese anger with Qing rulers. Chinese conservatives realized the only way to strength country against imperialists is to modernize: School reforms which stressed math and science or Confucianism & women allowed developed industry and economic expansion which led to emergence of middle class

20. Empress Dowager Cixi finally “embraces” reforms she once rejected: -education -changed civil service exams -made the govt more efficient -built a modern army -develop more mining, railroads, shipyard Set up legislative assemblies and held elections in 1910, but… Reforms did not include any relief for those under economic stress, so… Made up of new elite: merchants, professionals, reformists, progressive gentry BUT had no real power to make laws Still under the control of the warlords, living under horrible conditions and paid increasingly high taxes Something had to be done for China to remain independent. “Make me unhappy for a day and I will make you unhappy for a lifetime.”—Cixi (Conservative and anti-foreign) (She blamed by many Chinese for foreign imperialist power in China)

21. The End of the End Emperor Puyi – the “Last Emperor” When Cixi’s son (and emperor) died, she installs her nephew as emperor and retains power—against Chinese imperial tradition. But when her nephew supports reforms and helps to plot an assassination attempt, she puts him under house arrest. He dies in 1908, and she dies 2 days after him. 2 years old Puyi was heir to the throne. He “rules” China from 1908-1912, and as a puppet for 12 days in 1917. Later he is installed as a puppet emperor of Manchukuo (Japanese-ruled Manchuria) from 1932-1945. He spent ten years in a Soviet prison after WWII. Maintained a comfortable, quiet life as a regular citizen in communist China until his death in 1967.

22. economic factors political competition European racism humanitarianism GB seeks favorable balance of trade with China all imperializing nations want to carve out control of ports to sell their goods and obtain Chinese silks and porcelain all imperializing nations scramble to carve out spheres of influence to protect trade and shut out rival nations missionaries desired to spread Christian message of spiritual/moral salvation schools built to teach Western science, medicine, and Christianity Chinese seen as politically vulnerable, feudal and stuck in traditions Seen as other, backwards, untrustworthy, and inferior rank ___ reason: rank ___ reason: rank ___ reason: rank ___ reason: