1. 1 Psychological Disorders

2. 2 Chapter Overview Understanding Psychological Disorders Anxiety and Mood Disorders Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders

3. 3 Chapter Overview Schizophrenia Personality Disorders

4. 4 Case Study During the case study please read the passage and answer the questions that follow This will give you an idea of how insanity is used in the courtroom

5. 5 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders  behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person’s ability to cope with everyday life Psychological Disorders are relatively common

6. 6 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders cause suffering to millions of people These disorders interfere with their everyday life (inability to cope with problems)

7. 7 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders The majority of people with Psychological Disorders are never admitted to mental hospitals Most people never ask or seek help from trained professionals (ex: psychologist, psychiatrist)

8. 8 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders 1 in 4 American adults (25%) have suffered from a Psychological Disorder at some point in their life Psychological Disorders are the leading cause of disability in the United States for people in the age range of 15-44

9. 9 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders It is imperative that people who have a psychological disorder can identify it People who have a PD usually do not differ all that much from “normal” people Certain behaviors and mental processes are what identify a person having a PD

10. 10 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders Psychologists use several different techniques to determine whether or not a person has a PD or not Typicality or Normality come into play when determining whether someone has a PD –Psychologists will try to justify whether a person’s behavior is considered “normal, average, etc.”

11. 11 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders There are 4 major features that may indicate someone has a PD 1. Typicality 2. Maladaptivity 3. Emotional Discomfort 4. Socially Unacceptable Behavior

12. 12 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders Typicality Examples: –Scientific and artistic geniuses are not typical, but are not abnormal –People who are quite normal may have lifestyles that differ widely from the rest of the community –Additional measurements must also be taken into account (experiences, etc.)

13. 13 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders Maladaptivity –Behavior that impairs an individual’s ability to function adequately in everyday life Behavior that causes misery and distress rather than happiness and fulfillment, or that is dangerous

14. I. Understanding Psychological Disorders Emotional Discomfort –Depression and anxiety cause extreme emotional discomfort Helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, extreme sadness, and withdrawal

15. 15 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders Socially Unacceptable Behavior  Behavior displayed that is not considered “normal”, “acceptable”, etc. –Cultural context of a behavior must be taken into account –Where you live, what generation you are born into, etc. Culture-bound syndromes: clusters of symptoms

16. 16 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders Classifying Psychological Disorders: Classification helps determine the following: –How many people have a given disorder –What factors may be associated with a disorder –Diagnosis and treatment

17. 17 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders Psychological disorders are classified in the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders”, also known as the DSM –This is the APA’s (American Psychological Assoc.) classification system –Used to communicate needs and treatment –Modern categories based on observable signs and symptoms

18. 18 I. Understanding Psychological Disorders The major types of Psychological Disorders are: –Anxiety –Mood –Dissociative –Somatoform –Schizophrenic –Personality The following sections will provide detail for each type of PD

19. 19 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Anxiety: refers to a generalized state of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to a vague or imagined danger –Anxiety disorders cause people to experience irrational or excessive fear Mood disorders: are characterized by mood changes that are inappropriate for the situation to which they are responding

20. 20 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Anxiety is characterized by: –Nervousness –Inability to relax –Concern about losing control –Trembling –Sweating –Rapid heart rate –Shortness of breath –Increased blood pressure

21. 21 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Types of Anxiety Disorders include Phobic Disorder  Phobia means fear Specific phobia is the most common of all anxiety disorders and refers to a persistent excessive fear of a particular object or situation

22. 22 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Most common types of Phobias include: –Zoophobia: fear of animals –Claustrophobia: fear of enclosed spaces –Acrophobia: fear of heights –Arachnophobia: fear of spiders Social phobia is characterized by persistent fear of social situations in which one might be exposed to the scrutiny of others

23. 23 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Panic Disorders  People with panic disorder have recurring and unexpected panic attacks Panic attacks: short periods of intense fear or discomfort characterized by shortness of breath, dizziness, rapid heart rate, trembling, choking, etc

24. 24 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Agoraphobia: The fear of being in places or situations in which escape may be difficult or impossible such as crowded public places –Many people with agoraphobia develop panic attacks when in public

25. 25 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances that lasts for at least six months –Few people seek treatment because it does not differ, except in intensity and duration, from the normal worries of everyday life

26. 26 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Obsessive – Compulsive Disorder (OCD) –Obsessions are unwanted thoughts, ideas, or mental images that occur over and over again, and most people try to ignore or suppress them –Compulsions are repetitive ritual behaviors, often involving checking or cleaning something –People are usually aware that the obsessions are unjustified, which distinguishes obsessions from delusions –YouTube - Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder YouTube - Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderYouTube - Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

27. 27 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Stress Disorders Include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder –Similar symptoms, but PTSD is more severe and longer-lasting –PTSD occurs after abuse, severe accident, natural disasters, and war. –YouTube - Treatment for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder YouTube - Treatment for Post Traumatic Stress DisorderYouTube - Treatment for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

28. 28 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Explaining Anxiety Disorders –Psychological Views Psychoanalytic views are no longer widely accepted, but have affected the classification of psychological disorders Learning theorists believe that phobias are learned in childhood

29. 29 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Biological Views –Heredity may play a role –Studies of twins indicate that having a parent or sibling with a disorder increases the chance an individual will have a disorder –Some psychologists believe that people who rapidly acquired strong fears of real dangers would be more likely to live and reproduce

30. 30 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Types of Moods Disorders –Most people have mood changes that reflect the normal ups and downs of life, but mood changes that are inappropriate to a situation can signal a mood disorder There are two types of mood disorders: Depression and Bipolar disorder There are two types of mood disorders: Depression and Bipolar disorder

31. 31 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Bipolar Disorder –A cycle of mood changes from depression to wild elation and back again –Period of mania, or extreme excitement characterized by hyperactivity and chaotic behavior

32. II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Major Depression –Feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, and great sadness –The DSM – IV contains a list of symptoms to help diagnose depression

33. 33 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Postpartum Depression –Some women suffer symptoms of depression after giving birth –Can harm both the mother and child

34. 34 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Explaining Mood Disorders  using psychological and biological views Psychological View –The psychoanalytical view of depression connects the past to the present (what happened?) –Learning theorists: “learned helplessness” makes people prone to depression

35. 35 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Psychological View (cont.) Cognitive theorists: habitual style of explaining life events –Attribution theory: people assign different types of explanations to events which affect self – esteem and self – efficacy –Beck (psychologist) suggests that people who are depressed have a negative view of themselves, their experiences, and their future

36. 36 II. Anxiety and Mood Disorders Biological View –Mood disorders occur more often in the close relatives of affected people than they do in the general population –Two neurotransmitters in the brain – serotonin and noradrenaline – may partly explain the connection between genes and mood –Bipolar Disorder Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

37. 37 III. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Dissociative disorders: cause people to lose their memory or identity –Characterized by the separation of certain personality components Somatoform disorders: cause people to express psychological distress through physical symptoms

38. 38 III. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Dissociation – the separation of certain personality components or mental processes from conscious thought –In some situations, it is normal (becoming engrossed in a book) If dissociation occurs as a way to avoid stressful events or feelings, it can signal a disorder

39. 39 III. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Amnesia –Characterized by a sudden loss of memory, usually following a particularly stressful or traumatic event –It cannot be explained biologically –The incidence of dissociative amnesia rises tremendously during wartime and natural disasters (Hurricane Katrina)

40. 40 III. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Fugue –Characterized by not only forgetting personal information and past events but also by suddenly relocating from home or work and taking on a new identity –Individuals may appear healthy until the fugue ends, when they will not remember anything that happened during the fugue

41. 41 III. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder –Involves the existence of two or more personalities within a single individual. The various personalities may or may not be aware of each other Depersonalization Disorder –Depersonalization: feelings of detachment from one’s mental processes or body –People describe being outside their bodies

42. 42 III. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Explaining Dissociative Disorders 1. Psychoanalytical theory suggests people dissociate in order to repress unacceptable urges 2. Learning theorists claim individuals have learned not to think about disturbing events in order to avoid feelings of guilt, shame or pain 3. Cognitive and biological theorists have not offered a complete explanation of dissociative disorders

43. 43 III. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Somatoform Disorders Somatization  the expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms –People with somatoform disorders have psychological problems (such as depression) but experience inexplicable physical symptoms (such as paralysis)

44. 44 III. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Conversion Disorder –Patients experience a change in or loss of physical functioning in a major part of the body for which there is no known medical explanation –Patients often show a lack of concern for their symptoms

45. 45 III. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Hypochondriasis –A person’s unrealistic preoccupation with thoughts that he or she has a serious disease –Patients may become absorbed by minor physical symptoms and sensations –YouTube - Hypochondria: Diagnosis YouTube - Hypochondria: DiagnosisYouTube - Hypochondria: Diagnosis –YouTube - Hypochondria: Treatment Tactics YouTube - Hypochondria: Treatment TacticsYouTube - Hypochondria: Treatment Tactics

46. 46 III. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Explaining Somatoform Disorders  explanations are primarily psychological –Psychoanalytical theory suggests disorders occur when individuals repress emotions associated with forbidden urges and instead express them symbolically in physical symptoms

47. 47 III. Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders Explaining Somatoform Disorders (cont) –Behavioral theorists have suggested that somatoform symptoms can serve as a reinforcer if they successfully allow a person to escape from anxiety –There is some evidence that biological or genetic factors may play a role

48. 48 IV. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is the most serious psychological disorder Schizophrenia causes thought disruption and a decreased ability to function normally There are three types of Schizophrenia 1.Paranoid 2.Disorganized 3.Catatonic Schizophrenia

49. 49 IV. Schizophrenia Characterized by a loss of contact with reality First appears in young adulthood Usually develops gradually but can also appear suddenly Symptoms include: hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders

50. 50 IV. Schizophrenia Some other symptoms may include: –Social withdrawal –Impaired social skills –Loss of normal emotional responses Sometimes people may go into a catatonic stupor: an immobile, expressionless, comalike state

51. 51 IV. Schizophrenia Types of Schizophrenia: Paranoid Schizophrenia –Delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations that center on one theme, often a theme of persecution

52. 52 IV. Schizophrenia Types of Schizophrenia (cont) Disorganized Schizophrenia –Incoherent in their thought and speech and disorganized in their behavior; delusions and hallucinations are unconnected –Emotionless or show inappropriate emotions

53. 53 IV. Schizophrenia Types of Schizophrenia (cont) Catatonic Schizophrenia –Activity may slow to a stupor and then suddenly switch to agitation –May hold unusual, uncomfortable body positions for long periods of time, even after their arms and legs swell and stiffen

54. 54 IV. Schizophrenia Explaining Schizophrenia Psychological Views –Result of overwhelming of the ego by urges from the ID –Fantasies become confused with reality –Family environment may spur disease, but does not cause it

55. 55 IV. Schizophrenia Explaining Schizophrenia (cont) Biological Views –Studies try to link abnormal brain functioning and structure with specific symptoms –Heredity, complications during pregnancy and birth, and birth during winter were all shown to affect rates of schizophrenia

56. 56 IV. Schizophrenia Explaining Schizophrenia (cont) Multifactorial Model –Biological and psychological factors may interact in development –The model suggests that even severely dysfunctional environmental factors are not enough to lead to the disease –Schizophrenia ABC 20-20 Documentary Part 1 Schizophrenia ABC 20-20 Documentary Part 1Schizophrenia ABC 20-20 Documentary Part 1 –Schizophrenia ABC 20-20 Documentary Part 2 Schizophrenia ABC 20-20 Documentary Part 2Schizophrenia ABC 20-20 Documentary Part 2

57. 57 V. Personality Disorders Personality disorders are characterized by patterns of unchanging personality traits that disrupt people’s social lives and work lives Four common personality disorders are paranoid, schizoid, antisocial, and avoidant

58. 58 V. Personality Disorders An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it Usually show up by late adolescence

59. 59 V. Personality Disorders Psychological disorders are illnesses that an individual experiences as episodes In contrast, personality disorders are enduring traits that are major components of the individual’s personality YouTube - Personality Disorders YouTube - Personality Disorders

60. 60 V. Personality Disorders Explaining Personality Disorders Psychological Views –Psychoanalytical theory suggests a lack of guilt underlies the antisocial personality –Learning theorists suggest children who are not reinforced for good behavior learn antisocial behavior –Cognitive theorists argue antisocial teens use a faulty view of others’ actions

61. 61 V. Personality Disorders Biological Views –Antisocial personality disorder appears to run in families –Some evidence suggests that antisocial people have less developed emotional centers in their brains –Biological factor by itself is unlikely to cause the development of antisocial personality disorder –YouTube - Multiple Personality Disorder: Documentary YouTube - Multiple Personality Disorder: DocumentaryYouTube - Multiple Personality Disorder: Documentary