1. Chapter 18 Classification

2. 18.1 Finding Order in Diversity  What is the name of this animal?  Cougar, puma, panther, mountain lion.  Is it a good thing or bad thing to have that many names?

3. What type of animal are these?  Catfish  fish  Crayfish  lobster  Silverfish  insect

4.  Binominal nomenclature:  Each species is assigned a two part scientific name.  What is the scientific name for humans?  Homo sapiens  Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist who invented a two part naming system.

5. Carolus Linnaeus  He called his naming system binomial nomenclature.  2 word naming system  Always written in italics  First word is always capitalized (genus)  Second word always lowercase (specie)  Example humans  Homo sapiens

7.  What are the goals of binomial nomenclature and systematics?  To be able to clearly understand which animal scientists are talking about.  In England, the word buzzard refers to a hawk whereas in many parts of the US, buzzard refers to a vulture.

8.  Systematics (taxonomy/classification):  Science of naming and grouping organisms.  There are seven levels of taxonomy.

9. Classification system taxon Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Country State County City Neighborhood Street House #

10.  Kingdom – a kingdom contains phyla. Most broad!  Phylum- a phylum contains classes  Class- a class contains orders  Order- an order contains families  Family- a family contains genera  Genus – a genus contains species  Species- most similar!

11.  King  Philip  Came  Over  For  Good  Soup

12. Giraffe  A. Giraffa camelopardalis  B. giraffa camelopardalis  C. Giraffasaures  D. Giraffa Giraffa

13. Blue Spruce Tree  A. Picea pungens  B. Picea Pungens  C. Picea pungens  D. Picea Pun

14. Barn Owl  A. Tyto ALBA  B. Tyto alba  C. Tyto Alba  D. tyto alba

15. 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification  Phylogeny:  The evolutionary history of lineages.  Group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent.  Common ancestors.

16.  Clade:  Group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor, living and extinct.  Monophyletic group:  Includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants.

17.  Cladogram:  Links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.

18.  Derived characteristic:  A trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants.

19. Modern Classification  How would you classify the crab, limpet, and barnacle?

20. LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE Look more closely! Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different. Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have a segmented body Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. Limpets DON’T !

21. LIMPET CRABBARNACLE Look more closely! Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS ! Barnacles have a segmented body So do CRABS ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. So do CRABS !

22. Modern Classification

23. Is the panda more closely related to the bear or raccoon?  Giant panda and the raccoon have similar ears and snouts. Placed in same family in the Linnaean system.  However Giant panda is more closed related to members of the bear family than it is raccoon.

24. How are DNA sequences used in classification?  The more derived genetic characters two species share, the more recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.

25. 18.3 Building the Tree of Life  What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified?  Fungi  Plantae  Animalia  Protista  Eubacteria  Archaebacteria

26.  In the 1700’s the scientists classified all living things to be either plants or animals.  As scientists learned more about the natural world, they added the protista (junk drawer) kingdom.  In the 1950,s scientists added the fungi and monera (bacteria) kingdom.  In the late 1990’s, scientists separated the monera kingdom into two called eubacteria, and archaebacteria.

27. Kingdoms of Life, 1700’s-1990’s pg 523

28. Classification of Living Things pg 524

29. Kingdom Eubacteria 1. Eubacteria  Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycans

30. Kingdom Arachaea 2. Archaea Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan They live in extreme environments. Colonies of haloarchaea on agar plates

31. Kingdom Protista  The kingdom Protista is composed of eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants or fungi,  They can be unicellular or multicellular; photosynthetic or heterotrophic; and can share characteristics with plants, fungi or animals.

32. Kingdom Plantae  Members of the Kingdom Plantae are multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose.  Plants are nonmotile – they cannot move from place to place.

33. Kingdom Fungi  Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter (decomposers).  They can be either multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeasts).

34. Kingdom Animalia  Members of the Kingdom Animalia are multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls.  There is great diversity within the animal kingdom, and many species exist in nearly every part of the world.

35. Three Domains  Domain:  A larger, more inclusive category than kingdom. Even more broad.

36.  Bacteria: Single celled prokaryotes. Largest groups of organisms on earth. More bacteria in your mouth, than there are people that ever lived!  Archaea: Single celled prokaryotes. Cell walls differ from bacteria. Known to live in extreme conditions such as sea vents, and hot geysers, Antarctic water, and salt lakes.  Eukarya: Made up of eukaryotic cells. Have distinct nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Domain Eukarya include Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.

37. Questions??? 1. What are the three-domain systems of classification?  Bacteria, Archae and Eukarya 2. What are the six kingdoms of life?  Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia