1. Three Domains of Life Protists
Archea have classified Kingdoms; Bacteria do not (yet)
On the contrary, Eukaryota is composed of well-defined Kingdoms including Plants, Fungus and Animals; the exception is Protists which we’ll discover are not monophyletic and include groups that are similar in design, but not in evolutionary processes

2. The Three Domains of Life
Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food, and the number of cells in their bodies.
Ability to make food
Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
Cell Type
Number of cells in their body
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Unicellular or Multicellular

3. The Three Domains of Life
Organisms can be:
Prokaryotic – cells that lack a nucleus
Eukaryotic – cells that contain a nucleus
Unicellular – single-celled; made up of one cell
Multicellular – made up of many cells
Autotrophic – can make their own food
Heterotrophic – can not make their own food

4. Circle the full scientific classification.
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Mammalia
americanus
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Circle the full scientific classification.
Box the scientific name.
List facts about the animal that the scientific classification lists.

5. Three Domains of Life
Monophyletic; one c.a. ?
What does this chart tell you about the distant past of all the organisims in all three domain's?

6. Major facts about the Domains
Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea
Consist of prokaryotes.
Numerous, virtually countless Kingdoms
Bacteria and Archaea are now 2 distinct Domains
They were once included together in Kingdom Monera.
Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes
Consist of eukaryotes.
4 major kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

7. Prokaryotes-- Oldest, structurally-simplest, and most abundant forms of life
Important decomposers and symbionts
Includes the kingdoms Archaea & Bacteria
Unicellular (small Typically 1μm or less (1000 μm = 1mm; 1000mm = 1 meter)
No nucleus; instead a single circular chromosome made of DNA.
Asexual reproduction
Some are photosynthetic bacteria
Prokaryotes have a tough cell wall and other external structures
Although they can transfer genetic material via their plasmids (horizontal gene transfer), however not considered reproduction

8. Prokaryotic organism.

9. Domain Bacteria
They are found everywhere on Earth except extreme environments.
They are unicellular, prokaryotic, some are autotrophic and others are heterotrophic.

10. Domain Archaea
Once considered a subdivision of the Kingdom Monera, now its own domain.
Like all prokaryotes, Archaea are single-celled microorganisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Best known for the “extremophiles” – Archaea which thrive in extremely harsh environments
Evidence for evolution of life on Earth?

11. Archea - Extremophiles
Thermophiles – thrive at 60-80°C (>176°F!)
Acidophiles – thrive at pH at or below pH 3
Xerophiles – grow in extremely dry conditions
Halophiles – require extremely high concentrations of salt

12. Domain Eukarya (Eukaryota)
Kingdoms:
Protista (Protists)
Fungi
Plants (Plantae)
Animals (Animalia)

13. Eukaryotic origin Prokaryotic cell changed by:
Infolding the cell membrane
Taking in smaller prokaryotes to create complex organelles
Mitochondria have their own independent DNA, and a double membrane
Chloroplasts resemble cyanobacteria; also have their own independent DNA and a double membrane

15. Kingdom Protista Eukaryotic (Must be! Domain Eukarya)
Largely unicellular with some multi-cellular ‘exceptions’ (e.g., kelps, seaweed)
May be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Debate over classification –
Are some protists members of other kingdoms?
Would protists best be considered as several different kingdoms?

16. Kingdom Protista Characterized by:
Mode of locomotion (e.g., flagella, cilia)
Mode of nutrition (e.g., autotrophic, heterotrophic)
Body form (unicellular, multicellular)
Pigmentation (e.g., Red, Green, Brown alga)
Reproduction (asexual, sexual)
Essentially you are a protist if you are not clearly an animal, plant or fungus!
Multicellular protists are distinguished from other Kingdoms by their lack of specialized tissues

17. Protists
amoeba
euglena
volvox
paramecium

18. Kingdom Protista paramecium Kelp volvox Red Algae
Who here eats seaweed?
Kelp
volvox
Red Algae

19. Kingdom Protista
Have you ever eaten a protist?, or should I ask, have you ever eaten seaweed???
Just to complicate matters, green algae is categorized as a plant in Kingdom Plantae…

20. Green Plants evolved from Green Algae

21. Kingdom Fungi
Unicellular (molds, mildews) and multi-cellular (Mushrooms)
~1.5 million species
Important decomposers
Includes many disease-causing organisms
Others are important symbionts and fermenting organisms

25. Kingdom Fungi
Chestnut Blight – a fungal disease which has virtually eliminated the American chestnut
Accidentally introduced into the U.S. on imported lumber from Asia
The roots of the tree are fairly resistant to the fungus, but the tree succumbs once it grows enough shoots to reproduce
Unknown spreading agent (the spores are everywhere!)

26. Kingdom Fungi
At the turn of the twentieth century, one quarter of all trees in the eastern United States were chestnut!
If you have ever eaten a chestnut, you had a European import; only our grandparents may have ever tasted an American chestnut
1/4th of eastern American trees were Chestnuts, incredibly important for wildlife, only a few surviving – trying to breed resistant (Asian) chestnuts with American to save and restore; cankers caused by fungus cause limb to crack

27. Why did the mushroom go to the party?
Many fungi live underground, and can reach great sizes
The largest known specimen covers more than 3.4 square miles and is thousands of years old
And some species of fungi are bioluminescent!
Fungi often have interactions or symbioses with other organisms
Believed to be 2400 years old

28. Connected underground by hyphae!
Armillaria fungus
Connected underground by hyphae!

29. A lichen is a symbiotic association between a fungus and green algae or cyanobacteria
Leaf-cutter ants –The ants feed on special structures produced by a fungus that they have domesticated
Fungal Ecology
Inhabit extreme environments – arctic tundra, hot deserts, rocky coasts, rainforests;widespread and long-lived, but subject to environmental disturbance (melanism!)

30. Just in case you didn’t believe me…
I don’t think the smurfs are bioluminescent though!

31. Plants
multicellular
eukaryotic
autotrophic
most live on land

32. Animals
multicellular
eukaryotic
heterotrophic
live in diverse environments