1. The retina
Anatomy:

2. Blood supply:
- The outer one third (1/3) of retina (including RPE, photoreceptors and half of the outer nuclear layer)
- The inner 2/3 of retina

3. Blood-Retinal Barrier (BRB):
1- Outer BRB:
2-Inner BRB:

4. Applied anatomy:
1- The macula:
2- The fovea:
3- The foveola:
4- Umbo

5. Macula
1.5 mm
1 disc Ø
3 mm

6. Fovea
FAZ μm 7°
4 mm

7. Applied anatomy:
1- The macula:
2- The fovea:
3- The foveola:

8. Retinal Detachment (RD)
Types of retinal detachment:
1- Rhegmatogenous RD: (Rhegma = break)
2- Non-rhegmatogenous RD:
a- Tractional RD:
b- Exudative (serous) RD:

9. 1- Rhegmatogenous RD Causes: a- Idiopathic. b- Myopia. c- Trauma.
d- Intraocular surgery, e.g. cataract surgery.
e- Hereditary diseases of vitreous and retina, e.g. Stickler's syndrome.
f- In association with Tractional RD.

10. 1- Rhegmatogenous RD Symptoms: a- Photopsia (flashes of light): PVD
b- Floaters:
c- Peripheral visual field defect:
d- Decreased central visual acuity (drop vision):

11. 1- Rhegmatogenous RD

12. 1- Rhegmatogenous RD

13. 1- Rhegmatogenous RD

14. 1- Rhegmatogenous RD

15. 1- Rhegmatogenous RD

16. 1- Rhegmatogenous RD

17. 1- Rhegmatogenous RD

18. 2- Non-rhegmatogenous RD: a- Tractional RD:
Causes:
i- Proliferative diabetic neuropathy.
ii- Retinopathy of prematurity "ROP" (retrolental fibropathy or fibroplasias):
iii- Sickle cell retinopathy.
iv- Penetrating trauma.

19. 2- Non-rhegmatogenous RD: a- Tractional RD:

20. 2- Non-rhegmatogenous RD: a- Tractional RD:
Symptoms of tractional RD:
i- Visual field defect:
ii- Decreased central visual acuity:

21. 2- Non-rhegmatogenous RD: a- Tractional RD:
Treatment: Vitrectomy

22. 2- Non-rhegmatogenous RD: b- Exudative RD:
Causes:
i- Choroidal tumours.
ii- Retinblastoma.
iii- Uveitis (posterior uveitis).
iv- Posterior scleritis.
v- Malignant hypertension.
vi- Eclampsia.

23. 2- Non-rhegmatogenous RD: b- Exudative RD:
Symptoms:
Photopsiae are absent. Why??
Floaters.
Visual field defect develops suddenly & progress rapidly.
Bilateral eye involvement is possible.
Treatment???

24. Diabetic Retinopathy Pathogenesis: Or microvascular leakage.
either microvascular occlusion.
Or microvascular leakage.

26. Vascular endothelial groth factor (VEGF)v

28. Diabetic Retinopathy
The consequences of leakage and increased vascular permeability include the development of intraretinal haemorrahges and oedema.

29. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinically DR may be: 1- Background DR.
2- Pre-proliferative DR
3- Proliferative DR.
4- maculopathy, which associates (1), (2) or (3).
5- Advanced diabetic eye disease.

38. Diabetic Retinopathy

39. Diabetic Retinopathy

45. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
A common, chronic, progressive degenerative disorder of the macula that affect peoples above 50.
dry AMD
wet AMD

46. Macula
1.5 mm
1 disc Ø
3 mm

47. AMD dry