1. Review 1.What organelle works with the cell membrane to store water brought in so it can be used at a later time? 2.What type of cell has a cell membrane, ribosomes, and circular DNA? 3.How are molecules moved in active transport? 4.Unicellular organisms move materials from low to high concentrations to maintain homeostasis. What is this called?

2. Cell Types Prokaryote SMALL and SIMPLE BACTERIA Single-celled (UNICELLULAR) NO MEMBRANE-BOUNDED organelles NO NUCLEUS Organelles: CELL WALL CELL MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM RIBOSOMES Eukaryote BIG and COMPLICATED (complex) ANIMAL CELLS and PLANT CELLS Unicellular or MULTICELLULAR MEMBRANE-BOUNDED organelles NUCLEUS DNA IS FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS AS CHROMOSOMES

3. Review 1.What organelle works with the cell membrane to store water brought in so it can be used at a later time? 2.What type of cell has a cell membrane, ribosomes, and circular DNA? 3.How are molecules moved in active transport? 4.Unicellular organisms move materials from low to high concentrations to maintain homeostasis. What is this called?

4. Homeostasis

5. Agenda Notes – Biotechnology Biotechnology in Duplin County Partner Practice Exit Ticket

6. How does our understanding of genetics affect our lives?

7. Biotechnology I can understand the use of DNA technology, biotechnology.

8. Biotechnology Human Genome Project Gene therapy Stem Cell Genetic Engineering – GMO – Cloning – Transgenic Organisms – Bacterial Transformation Gel Electrophoresis

9. Biotechnology Technology based on biology – technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet Medicines, pesticides, vaccines, monitors/regulators, joint or bone replacements

10. DNA protein

11. Central Dogma DNA  mRNA  proteins What happens if there is a change in the DNA??

12. Genes code for diseases …. If we could read people’s genes, we could predict if they would get a disease or have a mutation… BUT we have to know what normal genes look like! …To compare the genes.

13. The Human Genome Project Human Genome Project identified all the normal, healthy genes in human genome Gene map Human genome project helps us know if somebody has a genetic disease Compare healthy DNA to mutated DNA

14. Genome: an organism’s ENTIRE sequence of base pairs (A, T, C & Gs) Humans have 3 BILLION base pairs in their genome

15. Genome Sequencing

16. SO WHAT? Why is it useful to find out if someone has a genetic disease? How could we cure them?

17. Gene Therapy Uses genes to treat or prevent disease and cure a genetic disorder – In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a HEALTHY gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery. – Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene. – Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is functioning improperly. – Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease. Technique remains risky and is still under study to make sure that it will be safe and effective.

18. Gene Therapy Scientists are attempting to use vectors that carry DNA (healthy gene) into a cell to treat genetic diseases Trade genes to something fixed or healthy The new DNA causes the patient to produce the right proteins, which would cure the disease – DNA  mRNA  protein

19. Stem Cell Using undifferentiated cells to grow specialized cells – Growth – Repair (wear and tear; injury) – Fighting disease

20. Genetic Engineering

21. GMO Genetically Modified Organism The result of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and artificially forced into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal

22. Cloning Makes identical copies of an organism The chromosome number of the new organism would be exactly identical to the old organism All of the DNA, features and characteristics would be the same Dolly was created in a lab in 1997 from a single cell.

23. Cloning Is cloning easy? – Not always successful and typically does not result in a healthy adult animal Took 277 tries to make Dolly – Reason why human cloning is illegal in the USA Many attempts would result in surrogate mothers experiencing miscarriages, stillbirths, or deformities in the baby

24. + Transgenic Organisms

25. organisms that have DNA from another species – Bacteria can be engineered to produce insulin (enzyme needed to treat diabetes) – Plants can be engineered to be resistant to diseases and pests – Bacteria can be engineered to eat oil to clean up spills like the BP spill off of the gulf coast

26. Bacterial Transformation Bacteria have circular DNA called a plasmid STEPS: 1. Restriction enzymes cut DNA in specific places 2. A vector, or a virus, delivers the new gene into the bacteria 3. The new genes are inserted into the bacteria’s DNA 4. The bacteria begins to express proteins from the new genes

27. Gel Electrophoresis Remember… Everyone has a unique DNA sequence (except for identical twins). Each one of the 7 billion people on this planet has a unique DNA fingerprint.

28. Gel Electrophoresis Electrophoresis is used to compare 2 individual’s DNA Who committed a crime Who is the baby’s father (paternity) Identifying and cataloging endangered species Is the blue beetle related to the endangered African beetle?

29. Gel Electrophoresis 1. Cut DNA with restriction enzymes into different sizes 1. Separate DNA using electricity smallest pieces move furthest because the small pieces of DNA are not as heavy 3. Compare sequences. If the segments match or are the same size then the DNA is the same.

30. Cut DNA using RESTRICTION ENZYMES

31. Agenda Notes – Biotechnology Biotechnology in Duplin County Partner Practice Exit Ticket

32. Biotechnology in Duplin County?

33. Partner Practice

34. Exit Ticket

36. 1.What is biotechnology? 2.What is cloning? 3.What is a transgenic organism? 4.What do scientists hope to accomplish through stem cell research? A.Cloning humans B.Developing vaccines for lead poisoning C.Growing organs for transplant surgery D.Developing restriction enzymes to cut DNA 5. Which would be a benefit of a genetically engineered crop? A.lower sun tolerance B.increased insect resistance C.decreased insect resistance D.increased water dependency