1. APES Friday, January 30 th Reminders: APES Exam: Monday, May 4 th at 8:00am Today’s Schedule: Pick up Unit 9: Waste Vocab if didn’t yesterday Start Unit 9: Waste Notes - Just a bit Go Over Spring Project Watch Trash, Inc: http://www.hulu.com/ watch/184846 http://www.hulu.com/ watch/184846

2. Chapter 24 Solid and Hazardous Waste

3. Solid Waste Any unwanted or discarded material that is not a liquid or gas. Why we should care: Unnecessary waste of earth’s resources Results in air, water, and land pollution

4. APES Monday, February 2 nd Reminders: Unit 9: Waste Vocab due w/ Quiz – Friday, Feb. 6 th Unit 9: Waste TEST – Tuesday, Feb. 10 th APES Exam: Monday, May 4 th at 8:00am This Week’s Schedule: Mon – Wed: Notes & videos Thurs: In MC Lab for Waste Graphing Assignment Friday: Notes & Vocab Quiz Today’s Schedule: Continue Unit 9: Waste Notes

5. Solid Waste Solid Waste in the U.S.: 98.5% is “Industrial solid waste” from mining, industries and agriculture

6. Solid Waste Solid Waste in the U.S.: 1.5% Municipal solid waste (MSW): Trash from home & work Paper (30%) Glass Metals Food waste E-waste – fastest growing solid waste problem

7. Solid Waste Pollution Examples of high-waste culture in U.S.: What do we throw away Enough tires each year to encircle the planet almost 3 times An amount of disposable diapers every year that, if linked end to end, would reach to the moon & back 7 times About 2.5 million plastic bottles EVERY HOUR oTake 1,000s of years to break down About 274 million plastic shopping bags PER DAY, an average of about 3,200 every second oPlastic bags take 400-1,000 years to break down

8. Solid Waste  Options for solid waste:  1. Waste management:  Attempt to control wastes in ways that reduce environmental harm, but don’t reduce amount of waste produced  2. Waste reduction:  Produce less waste & pollution  Includes reduce, reuse, & recycle programs

9. Solid Waste Options for solid waste: 3. Integrated Waste Management: use a variety of strategies for waste disposal & reduction oEstimated that 75-90% of waste could be eliminated with these strategies:

10. Solid Waste Sustainability 6: ways to reduce waste 1. Redesign manufacturing processes & products to use less material & energy 2. Redesign manufacturing processes to produce less waste & pollution 3. Develop products that are easy to reuse, compost or recycle 4. Design products to last longer 5. Eliminate or reduce unnecessary packaging 6. Establish cradle-to-grave responsibility laws: require companies to take back products (electronics & appliances) at end of life to be repaired or recycled

11. Solid Waste Waste Reduction: 3 R’s Reduce Reuse Recycle

12. Solid Waste  Reuse Focus  Refillable containers (glass & PET plastic bottles) are good  Denmark, Finland, & parts of Canada – banned all beverage containers that cannot be reused  Reusable cloth bags!  Plastic is bad b/c made from oil, causes pollution, harms wildlife  Ireland, Taiwan, Netherlands tax plastic shopping bags  India, France, Italy, China, Australia San Francisco have banned most plastic bags http://storyofstuff.org/movies/story-of-bottled-water/

13. APES Tuesday, February 3 rd Opener Question: WHAT HAVE YOU USED ALREADY TODAY THAT IS MADE OF PLASTIC?? Reminders: Unit 9: Waste Vocab due w/ Quiz – Friday, Feb. 6 th Unit 9: Waste TEST – Tuesday, Feb. 10 th APES Exam: Monday, May 4 th at 8:00am Today’s Schedule: Continue Unit 9: Waste Notes Make Bioplastic! All AP Exams must be PAID in full by this Friday, Feb. 6 th

14. Solid Waste

15. Recycling: 5 major types of recyclable products: paper, glass, aluminum, steel, & some plastics 2 types of recycling: Primary/ closed-loop recycling: Materials recycled into same type: aluminum cans  aluminum cans Secondary/ open-loop recycling Materials converted to other products: tires  play ground flooring

16. Solid Waste Recycling: To mix or separate? Materials-recovery facilities: machines or workers separate mixed waste to recover recyclables Cons: plants are expensive, make pollution Source separation: Households & businesses separate waste Cleaner, saves energy, higher yields of recyclables To promote separation: Pay-as-you-throw (PAUT) or Fee-per-bag programs: charge for amount of mixed waste picked up, but not for separated recyclables

17. Solid Waste Recycling: Composting = using decomposer bacteria to recycle yard trimmings, food scraps Creates organic material that can be used for fertilizer, topsoil Some cities have centralized community compost facilities

18. Solid Waste  Recycling: Paper Info:  Pulp & paper industry is 5 th largest consumer of energy & uses tons of water  Amount of paper thrown away each year in US is more than all paper used in China  95% of books & magazines are printed on virgin paper  Chlorine bleach is bad – pollutes air & water Making recycled paper uses 64% less energy & produces less air & water pollution than making it from wood pulp Another option: tree-free paper – straw, kenaf & hemp, poo

19. Solid Waste Recycling: Plastics Plastics – made of large polymers (resins) produced from oil & natural gas Contribute to liter, hurt wildlife Most is not recycled b/c so many types & difficult to separate components & expensive Solution: BIOPLASTICS! Made from corn, soybean, sugarcane, feathers Technology still improving – could be lighter, stronger, cheaper, less energy-needed & less pollution & BIODEGRADABLE! http://www.ted.com/talks/mike_biddle

20. Making Bioplastic… Step 1: Gather The Materials Materials: -Corn Starch-Water-Cooking Oil-Food Coloring Tools: -Spoon/Something To Measure With -Microwavable Container Step 2: Proportions: The proportions to make the plastic are: 1 TBSP Corn Starch: 1.5 TBSP Water: 3-5 Drops Cooking Oil: 1-2 drops of food coloring Step 3: Preparations: Mix the ingredients together to form a milky looking liquid. Once you have done this it is ready to be microwaved. Step 4: Microwaving Put the mixture in the microwave and set the microwave on high for 25- 30 seconds. The mixture should start to bubble and should become slightly transparent.

21. APES Wednesday, February 4 th Reminders: MEETING IN MEDIA CENTER LAB TOMORROW!! Unit 9: Waste Vocab due w/ Quiz – Friday, Feb. 6 th Unit 9: Waste TEST – Tuesday, Feb. 10 th APES Exam: Monday, May 4 th at 8:00am Today’s Schedule: Opener Videos: ASAP Science – What if Humans Disappeared? Coffee Horror Continue Unit 9: Waste Notes

22. Solid Waste  Solid Waste: what to do with what’s not reused & recycled… US produces 1/3 of world’s solid waste Options: Burning: accounts for ~13% of MSW Burying: accounts for ~54% of MSW Other methods

23. Solid Waste  Burning Solid Waste MSW is burned in Waste-to- Energy Incinerators  Use heat generated by burning trash to boil water  steam  produce electricity Modern incinerators produce lower emission of greenhouse gases & other pollutants than modern landfills Con: produce toxic waste

24. Solid Waste

25. Burying Solid Waste 2 types of landfills: 1. Open dumps: fields or holes where garbage is put More common in developing countries; illegal in US

26. Solid Waste Burying Solid Waste 2. Sanitary landfills: solid wastes are spread out, compacted, covered daily w/ layer of soil, clay or plastic foam Bottoms & sides are double-lined w/ plastic and then clay Leachate (landfill water) is piped out to collection ponds Methane is burned or collected for energy Must monitor groundwater quality Federal law prohibits landfills from being near geological faults, wetlands, floodplains; must be 6 feet above water table

27. Solid Waste Pollution

28. Solid Waste Burying Solid Waste Sanitary Landfills: Pros: Cleaner than old landfills Filled land can be used for other purposes Cons: NIMBY = Not In My Backyard – people don’t want them around Still dirty Leachate leaks contaminate groundwater Release of CH 4

29. Hazardous Waste 4 categories: 1. Corrosive: corrodes metal 2. Ignitable/ Flammable 3. Reactive: chemically unstable/ reactive 4. Toxic: health risks Examples: industrial solvents medical waste car batteries organic compounds: pesticides, PCBs heavy metals: lead, mercury radioactive waste

30. Hazardous Waste Dealing With Hazardous Waste Physical methods: filtering, separating from solution Chemical methods: covert hazardous chemicals to harmless through chemical rxns Nanomagnets: magnetic nanoparticles coated with chitosan (derived from shrimp) remove oil & organic pollutants from contaminated water

31. Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste: 3 main disposal methods 1. Surface impoundment: use of ponds, pits, or lagoons to store liquid hazardous waste. Water evaporates, toxins stay. Cons: leaks, storms, air pollution 2. Deep-well injection: pumping liquid hazard waste deep underground past aquifers In US, 64% of liquid hazardous waste is injected into deep wells 3. Landfills with specific areas designated – main destination for solid hazardous waste (ex: E-waste)

32. Hazardous Waste E-Waste in China: http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/the- electronic-wasteland/ http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/the- electronic-wasteland/

33. APES Thursday, February 5 th Reminders: Unit 9: Waste Vocab due w/ Quiz TOMORROW! Unit 9: Waste TEST – Tuesday, Feb. 10 th APES Exam: Monday, May 4 th at 8:00am Today’s Schedule: Waste Graphing Assignment Can type numbers into Excel spreadsheet OR open file from my website and then copy & paste into Excel spreadsheet Due at end of period: PRINTED GRAPHS & ANSWERS!

34. APES Friday, February 6 th Reminders: TURN IN YESTERDAY’S WASTE GRAPHING ASSIGNMENT, IF DIDN’T ALREADY! Unit 9: Waste TEST – Tuesday, Feb. 10 th APES Exam: Monday, May 4 th at 8:00am Today’s Schedule: Continue/ Finish Unit 9: Waste Notes Unit 9: Waste Vocab due w/ Quiz Get Unit 9: Waste Study Guide

35. Hazardous Waste Dealing With Hazardous Solid Waste: Other Methods Plasma Arc Torch: passing an electrical current through air generates electric arc & extremely high temps  plasma  breaks down toxic waste into gas & solid material (aggregate) Con: Super high cost!

36. Hazardous Waste Dealing With Hazardous Solid Waste: Other Methods Bioremediation: bacteria & fungi destroy toxic substances – PCBs, pesticides, oil Phytoremediation: using plants to take up contaminants from the soil; slow process Advantages: low cost, reduces soil erosion, less habitat destruction, creates “green” space Disadvantages: slow process, vegetation may be dangerous for animals, may not get all hazardous waste from deep underground

38. Hazardous Waste  Prevention/ Reduction  Recycle & reuse materials instead of disposing of them  Ex: Trading centers for leftover paints, pesticides  Ex: Recycling batteries  Use nonhazardous materials instead of hazardous  Ex: alcohol thermometers for mercury  Government Regulation: LEGISLATION!

39. Hazardous Waste  Legislation The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) –1976  Goal: EPA sets standards for management of municipal & hazardous waste  Prohibits open dumps & set standards for landfills  Requires a cradle-to-grave approach to disposal of hazardous waste  Regulates only 5% of hazardous waste in US

40. Hazardous Waste Legislation Toxic Substances Control Act (TOSCA) – 1976 Gives EPA authority to track, monitor, & ban industrial chemicals Ex: lead, PCBs

41. Hazardous Waste Legislation Love Canal, NY (1978): neighborhood/ schools built on toxic waste dump  polluted streams, groundwater  plants died; kids started getting sick, esp. leukemia  Lois Gibbs & others protests & got place cleaned up The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA; Superfund Act) - passed in 1980 Goal: identify hazardous waste sites/releases & clean them; create trust fund = Superfund; taxed oil & chemical companies Now: tax that funded the Superfund Act expired in 1995, not renewed; now taxpayers clean up superfund sites

42. Hazardous Waste Legislation Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act ("the Brownfields Law"). Amended the CERCLA (Superfund) by providing funds to assess and clean up brownfields Brownfields: abandoned factories, junkyards, old landfills, gas stations Contaminated with hazardous waste Reclamation: cleaned up & then converted to parks, athletic fields, neighborhoods

43. Hazardous Waste Legislation Nuclear Waste Policy Act – 1982 Government is responsible for providing place for permanent disposal of radioactive waste Type Levels of Radioactive Waste: High-level : nuclear reactor waste, waste from spent fuel, waste from weapons; waste from mining & processing uranium ore Low-level: waste from industrial, medical, or research facilities (gloves, needles, etc.) Examples of Storage Sites: Yucca Mountain, Nevada (controversial); Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico

44. APES Monday, February 9 th Reminders: IF ABSENT LAST FRIDAY – NEED TO MAKE UP VOCAB QUIZ! Unit 9: Waste TEST – TOMORROW!! APES Exam: Monday, May 4 th at 8:00am Today’s Schedule: Finish Unit 9: Waste Notes Go Over Unit 8: Water Test Work on Unit 9: Waste Study Guide

45. Hazardous Waste Legislation POPs Treaty: signed in 2000 by 122 countries Controls use of 12 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) that persist in the environment & bioaccumulate & biomagnify Called the Dirty Dozen: DDT & other chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCBs, dioxins, furans Dioxins:are manufactured on a small scale for chemical and toxicological research, but mostly exist as by- products of industrial processes such as bleaching paper pulp, pesticide manufacture, and combustion processes such as waste incineration. The defoliant Agent Orange contained dioxinby- products Agent Orange

46. “Dirty Dozen” POPs: Hazardous Waste

47. Tuesday, February 10 th Reminders: APES Exam: Monday, May 4 th at 8:00am Today’s Schedule: Collect Unit 9 Study Guides Unit 9: Waste TEST NO TALKING DURING TESTING & ABSOLUTELY NO ELECTRONICS ALL PERIOD!!

48. Using Chemical Reactions to Reduce Waste LAB Working with group at table But INDIVIDUAL assignments must be turned in SUMMARIZE & PARAPHRASE Procedure Following instructions given on handouts at tables MUST WEAR GOGGLES once get started Make sure to have every part done If time is running low, DON’T WRITE ANALYSIS QUESTIONS, just write answers