1. Cindy Klein Kelly O’Neill Kirsten Raymond Nicole Kotula

2. Marcellus Shale 101 The Marcellus Shale is a geologic formation of sedimentary rock that contains natural gas. Experts suggest that it may be one of the largest onshore natural gas fields in North America. The Marcellus Shale formation is estimated to primarily stretch across portions of Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio and West Virginia. Small areas of Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia are also underlain by the Marcellus Shale. Natural gas drilling in the Marcellus Shale became economically feasible for development when advanced drilling and completion techniques, such as horizontal drilling coupled with hydraulic fracturing, were developed. Chesapeake wells in the Marcellus Shale range in depth between approximately 4,000 and 8,500 feet below the surface. Source: http://www.askchesapeake.com/Marcellus- Shale/PA/Natural-Gas/Pages/Marcellus-Shale-101.aspx July 2012.http://www.askchesapeake.com/Marcellus- Shale/PA/Natural-Gas/Pages/Marcellus-Shale-101.aspx 3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors 4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 4.3 Environmental Health 4.8 Humans and the Environment

3. Geographic Location Appalachian Basin Province – NY to PA, OH, MD, WV and VA – Trending northeast, spans a distance of approximately 600 linear miles, and 54,000 square miles – 72 percent of the Susquehanna River Basin is underlain by the Marcellus Shale Source: http://www.marcellusshales.com/marcellusshalemap.html July 2012http://www.marcellusshales.com/marcellusshalemap.html 4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Map of Marcellus Shale Distribution

4. 3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors Image compares common drilling practices in the oil and gas industry.

5.  http://tri-valleycorp.com/technology-videos/ http://tri-valleycorp.com/technology-videos/  http://www.cabotog.com/Web/index.html http://www.cabotog.com/Web/index.html 3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors 4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 4.3 Environmental Health 4.8 Humans and the Environment

6. 4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Geologic stratified layers of major importance in the Marcellus Shale

7. Ecological Impacts - Water Amount of water needed ~ 3-5 million gallons per fracture process –Average tanker holds 4,625 gallons ~ 200 trucks/million gallons Loss of well (aquifer) water through disruption or contamination Gas migration leading to methane contamination Fate of flowback Water quality of local hydrography 4.3 Environmental Health

8.  Large amount of acreage needed for well pads, impoundments and pipelines Visual, property values, other industries (e.g., tourism) Leased areas - former private and public lands become restricted areas Flattening of landscapes Removal of forest lands erosion 4-6 acres per well pad, up to 16 wells per pad 4.3 Environmental Health

9. Increased vehicle and machinery emissions Well flaring Compressor stations Offgassing from condensate and storage tanks 4.3 Environmental Health

10. Fracking fluids ( Carcinogens?) Produced water contaminated with organics, salts, heavy metals Improper casing/cements Spills, illegal dumping Proprietary nature 4.3 Environmental Health

11. Significant increase in heavy truck traffic on secondary and township roadways and bridges Trucks may exceed weight and height limits Temporary roadway construction Rapid social change (e.g., services demanded) 4.8 Humans and the Environment

12. “During the first eight months of 2011, 65 Marcellus wells were cited for faulty casing and cementing practices - one more than was recorded in all of 2010.” Best practice to predict impacts prospectively rather than retrospectively PennDOT reported about 400 miles of road damage from Marcellus shale activity in 2011, only 10 miles in 2010. Fish kills, contamination, disease clusters, lawsuits Read more:  http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/dep- inspections-show-more-shale- well-cement-problems-1.1205108#ixzz1YPQdC0A6  http://online.wsj.com/article/AP0c211167e30b46baba29a0b154e9389f.htm l 4.8 Humans and the Environment and 3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors

13.  http://www.askchesapeake.com/Marcellus- Shale/PA/Multimedia/Educational- Videos/Pages/Information.aspx http://www.askchesapeake.com/Marcellus- Shale/PA/Multimedia/Educational- Videos/Pages/Information.aspx  3-D image of Oil Rigging  http://www.cabotog.com/Web_Version/index.html http://www.cabotog.com/Web_Version/index.html 3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors 4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 4.3 Environmental Health 4.8 Humans and the Environment

14.  http://www.askchesapeake.com/Video/Pages /information.aspx http://www.askchesapeake.com/Video/Pages /information.aspx 3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors 4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 4.3 Environmental Health 4.8 Humans and the Environment

15.  http://www.classroom- energy.org/energy_tech_environment/game_t ime/index.html http://www.classroom- energy.org/energy_tech_environment/game_t ime/index.html 3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors 4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 4.3 Environmental Health 4.8 Humans and the Environment

16. Drill Bit Cabot Gas Drilling Platform On-Site Housing for workers 3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors 4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 4.3 Environmental Health 4.8 Humans and the Environment

17. Solid waste millings from drilling process Piping that will aid in concrete casing Various sized piping used 3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors 4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 4.3 Environmental Health 4.8 Humans and the Environment

18. Cabot’s highest producing well pad Well cap Before connecting to pipelineThe final compression Overview of Greenwood Site

19.  Marcellus Shale - unit of marine sedimentary rock found in eastern North America. Named for a distinctive outcrop near the village of Marcellus, New York extends throughout much of the Appalachian Basin. The shale contains largely untapped natural gas reserves.  Hydraulic Fracking - a technique used to release natural gas creating fractures from drilled into reservoir rock formations.  Horizontal Drilling – drilling process starting vertical then curving to linear.  Vertical Drilling – A straight downward drill  Flowback - A water based solution that flows back to the surface during and after the completion of hydraulic fracturing. It consists of the fluid used to fracture the Marcellus shale. The fluid contains clays, chemical additives, dissolved metal ions and total dissolved solids (TDS).  Derrick – A frame tower that supports drilling equipment  Casing – Pipe cemented in the well to keep the hole from caving in 3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors 4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 4.3 Environmental Health 4.8 Humans and the Environment

20.  Drill Bit – The piece of drilling equipment that rotates to break up rock  Mud – A mixture of dirt, water and chemical that is pumped into a well being drilled to cool and lubricate the drill bit and push pieces of rock and soil to the surface.  Natural gas – Odorless, colorless, non-solid and non-liquid, clean-burning fossil fuel.  Pipeline – A system of pipes for transporting oil and gas  Well – A hole drilled in the Earth in order to find and produce crude oil or natural gas.  Wildcat – A well drilled in an area with no other wells in order to explore if oil and gas is in the area. 3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors 4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 4.3 Environmental Health 4.8 Humans and the Environment

21.  http://www.cabotog.com/comm_education.html http://www.cabotog.com/comm_education.html  www.srbc.net Susquehanna River Basin Commission www.srbc.net  www.depweb.state.pa.us Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection www.depweb.state.pa.us  http://geology.com Geology.Com http://geology.com  www.dcnr.state.pa.us Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources www.dcnr.state.pa.us  www.eia.doe.gov Energy Information Administration www.eia.doe.gov  http://www.chec.pitt.edu/documents/Marcellus%2 0Shale/PPHA2011-Michanowicz.pdf http://www.chec.pitt.edu/documents/Marcellus%2 0Shale/PPHA2011-Michanowicz.pdf

22. PA Academic Standards for Science and Technology:  3.8 Science, Technology and Human Endeavors PA Academic Standards for Environment and Ecology:  4.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources  4.3 Environmental Health  4.8 Humans and the Environment