1. Solutions

2. Solution – A homogeneous mixture in which one substance (solute) is dissolved in another (solvent).

3. Solutions Processes that form Solutions: Dispersion - Dissociation - Ionization –

4. Solutions Water as a Solvent Water is a good solvent because it is Polar. Solutions – Animations of Water dissolving Salt http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=xdedxfhcpWo&feature=endscreen http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Svpdc5RT0WM

5. Solutions ”Like Dissolves Like”.

6. Solutions Water as a Solvent A solution with water as a solvent is called an Aqueous Solution.

7. Solutions Solubility – Amount of solute dissolved Measured in grams of solute per 100g of Solvent Unsaturated – Can dissolve more Solute Saturated - Unable to dissolve more Solute. Supersaturated – Has dissolved more Solute that possible at that temperature.

8. Solutions Solubility Curves Solutions – Solubility Curves http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKimraU21ws&feature=related Solutions – Polarity, Saturated, Solubility Curves http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTmfQUNLlMY&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL181F7BDC085A8CA9

9. Measuring Solution “Strength” Percent (%) Concentration % Concentration = Mass (g) of Solute Total Mass of Solution Molarity Molarity = Moles of Solute Liters of Solution Solutions and Concentrations (molarity and % concentration) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXnRMVhRptk Solutions and Molarity http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBF_t8Zt9AU

10. Solutions % Concentration Determine the percent (%) of a solution that has 45.6g of sugar dissolved in 342 ml of water. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBF_t8Zt9AU&feature=related

11. Solutions Molarity Determine the molarity of a solution that has 45.6g of sugar (C 12 H 24 O 11 ) dissolved in 342 ml of water.

12. Solutions Surface/Groundwater Contamination Metal Ions – Damages Nervous System Accumulates in Tissues Petroleum – Carcinogens Solvents – Chlorinated / Petroleum degreasing compounds Nitrates [ NO 3 - ] – Anoxia; Kills Organisms Phosphates [ PO 4 -3 ] – Anoxia; Kills Organisms

13. Solutions Acid Mine Drainage [metal ions]

14. Solutions

15. Common Pollution Sources

16. Solutions Common Pollution Sources American cities produce approximately 640,000,000 kg of solid waste/day. Leaching of metal ions into groundwater is a significant problem.

17. Solutions Common Pollution Sources

18. Solutions Leaking Underground Storage

19. Solutions Common Pollution Sources

20. Solutions Common Pollution Sources

21. Solutions Love Canal – Niagara Falls, NY

22. Love Canal – Niagara Falls, NY In 1942, the property was used by Hooker Chemicals and Plastics for disposal of over 21,000 tons of various chemical wastes, including pesticides and dioxin. Dumping ceased in 1952, and in 1953, the landfill was covered and leased to the Niagara Falls Board of Education (NFBE). Afterward, the area near the covered landfill was extensively developed, including the construction of an elementary school and many homes.

23. Euthrophication in the Sea of Azov

24. Solutions Anoxia – Fish Kill, Branford River CT

25. Solutions Brownfields Redevelopment Initiative Federal program to promote economic development by providing funding and oversight to reclaim abandoned industrial/commercial properties that are suspected (confirmed) to be contaminated. Amerbelle Textile Mill Rockville, CT

26. Solutions

27. Beacon Mill Village, Beacon Falls (circa 1986) American Hard Rubber 1850s Home Woolen Company 1860-1880 Beacon Falls Rubber Shoe Co. 1898 -

28. Solutions Jenkins Valve Company, Bridgeport CT

29. Solutions Harbor Yard, Bridgeport

30. Solutions Winchester Repeating Arms, New Haven CT

31. Solutions Winchester Repeating Arms, New Haven CT

32. Solutions Industrial Processes (note cutting oils)

33. Solutions Winchester Repeating Arms, New Haven CT

34. Solutions Winchester Repeating Arms, New Haven CT

35. Solutions Winchester Repeating Arms, New Haven CT

36. Solutions Parker Place Apartments, Wallingford CT (former Singer Sewing Machine Factory)

37. End of Solutions