1. Ch. 15 - Solutions I. How Solutions Form  Definitions  Types of Solutions  Dissolving  Rate of Dissolving

2. A. Definitions  Solution -  Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute - substance being dissolved

3. A. Definitions Solute Solute - KMnO 4 Solvent Solvent - H 2 O

4. B. Types of Solutions  Based on state of solvent.  All solid-liquid-gas combos are possible.  EX: dental amalgam (alloy of silver, mercury, etc.) liquid solute, solid solvent solid solution

5. C. Dissolving  Solvation occurs at the surface of the solute solvent particles surround solute particles (+/- attraction) solute particles are pulled into solution

6. C. Dissolving NaCl dissolving in water

7. D. Rate of Solution  Solids dissolve faster... more stirring small particle size (increased surface area) high temperature

8. D. Rate of Solution  Gases dissolve faster... no shaking or stirring high pressure low temperature

9. A. Concentration  Concentrated solution large amount of solute  Dilute solution small amount of solute

10. A. Concentration  % by Volume usu. liquid in liquid EX: 10% juice = 10mL juice + 90mL water  % by Mass usu. solid in liquid EX: 20% NaCl = 20g NaCl + 80g water

11. A. Concentration SATURATED SOLUTION no more solute dissolves UNSATURATED SOLUTION more solute dissolves SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION becomes unstable, crystals form concentration

12. B. Solubility  Solubility maximum grams of solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature varies with temperature based on a saturated solution

13. B. Solubility  Solubility Curve shows the dependence of solubility on temperature

14. B. Solubility  Solids are more soluble at... high temperatures.  Gases are more soluble at... low temperatures. high pressures (Henry’s Law).

15. Ch. 15 - Solutions III. Particles in Solution  “Like Dissolves Like”  Electrolytes  Colligative Properties

16. A. “Like Dissolves Like” NONPOLAR POLAR  Detergents polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail” can dissolve both types

17. B. Electrolytes Electrolyte Non- Electrolyte solute exists as ions only - + salt - + sugar solute exists as molecules only - + acetic acid Weak Electrolyte solute exists as ions and molecules

18. B. Electrolytes  Dissociation separation of +/- ions when an ionic compound dissolves in water

19. B. Electrolytes  Ionization breaking apart of polar covalent molecules into ions when dissolving in water

20. C. Colligative Properties  properties of solutions that depend only on solute concentration  Freezing Point Depression solutes lower the f.p. of a solvent  Boiling Point Elevation solutes raise the b.p. of a solvent

21. C. Colligative Properties View Flash animation.Flash animation Freezing Point Depression

22. C. Colligative Properties Solute particles “get in the way.” Boiling Point Elevation

23. C. Colligative Properties  Effect increases as the solute concentration increases.  Uses: antifreeze making ice cream salting icy roads