1. Punctuation Review Rules of Grammar

2. Rules for Periods Use a period at the end of a complete sentence. Use a period at the end of a complete sentence. Use periods (decimal points) with money and percentages. Use periods (decimal points) with money and percentages. $2.13 3.25%$2.13 3.25% Use periods after initials Use periods after initials George W. Bush David A. PaapGeorge W. Bush David A. Paap

3. Rules for Periods Use periods in some abbreviations: Use periods in some abbreviations: Months:Jan. Feb.Months:Jan. Feb. Days:Mon. Tues.Days:Mon. Tues. Titles:Gov. Sen. Dr. Mr. M.D.Titles:Gov. Sen. Dr. Mr. M.D. Addresses: Ave. St. Rd.Addresses: Ave. St. Rd. Measurements: lb. oz. hr. min.Measurements: lb. oz. hr. min. Countries: U.S. U.K.Countries: U.S. U.K. When all the letters are capital letters, periods are usually not used: CIA YMCA When all the letters are capital letters, periods are usually not used: CIA YMCA

4. Rules for Periods Don ’ t use a period at the end of a sentence that already ends with an abbreviation. Don ’ t use a period at the end of a sentence that already ends with an abbreviation. Bob woke up at 7 A.M.Bob woke up at 7 A.M. (Using question marks and exclamation are okay after an abbreviation) Bob woke up at 7 A.M.!Bob woke up at 7 A.M.! Bob woke up at 7 A.M.?Bob woke up at 7 A.M.?

5. Rules for Question Marks Use a question mark after a question. Use a question mark after a question. This is not difficult, is it?This is not difficult, is it? Use a question mark to indicate uncertainty or doubt. Use a question mark to indicate uncertainty or doubt. The author of this book lived from 1810(?) to 1895.The author of this book lived from 1810(?) to 1895. (This shows that you are not positive the exact date.) (This shows that you are not positive the exact date.)

6. Rules for Question Marks In a polite request (when no answer is required), the question mark is often omitted even though the sentence is phrased like a question. Use it or don ’ t use it – it is your choice. In a polite request (when no answer is required), the question mark is often omitted even though the sentence is phrased like a question. Use it or don ’ t use it – it is your choice. Would you please bring us the remote?Would you please bring us the remote? Would you please bring us the remote.Would you please bring us the remote. Both examples are correct

7. Rules for Exclamation Points Use an exclamation point after exclamations to show: Use an exclamation point after exclamations to show: Delight: Wow! Nice catch!Delight: Wow! Nice catch! Urgency: Please help me!Urgency: Please help me! Anger: Drop dead!Anger: Drop dead! Surprise: I can ’ t believe it ’ s you!Surprise: I can ’ t believe it ’ s you! Distress: Oh, no! This can ’ t be right!Distress: Oh, no! This can ’ t be right! Excitement: I got an A!Excitement: I got an A! Intensity: I love you!Intensity: I love you! Loud noises: Crash! Bang!Loud noises: Crash! Bang! Strong Commands: Stop! Don ’ t move!Strong Commands: Stop! Don ’ t move!

8. Rules for Exclamation Points Is it a question or an exclamation? Sometimes a sentence can go either way. Is it a question or an exclamation? Sometimes a sentence can go either way. How could you do that?How could you do that? How could you do that!How could you do that! It depends on what you are trying to convey to the reader. It depends on what you are trying to convey to the reader.

9. Rules for Exclamation Points Some people use exclamation points all the time! It makes their writing look hyper active! It ’ s even worse to use lots of exclamations!! - oh, no, not the double exclamations!! Never use double exclamation points in formal writing. In fact, don ’ t use many exclamation points at all.

10. Rules for Commas Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction that introduces an independent clause (that ’ s the clause that can stand alone). Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction that introduces an independent clause (that ’ s the clause that can stand alone). Coordinating conjunctions are:Coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, for, or, so, yet, nor and, but, for, or, so, yet, nor For example, combining two independent clauses with a conjunction usually needs a comma.

11. Rules for Commas Independent clause combinations: Independent clause combinations: I hurried to the store. I bought a bag of Doritos.I hurried to the store. I bought a bag of Doritos. I hurried to the store, and I bought a bag of Doritos.I hurried to the store, and I bought a bag of Doritos. Notice that there are two independent clauses being connected. A dependent and an independent clause does not use a comma. I hurried and bought a bag of Doritos.I hurried and bought a bag of Doritos. I hurried (independent clause) bought a bag of Doritos (dependent clause). I hurried (independent clause) bought a bag of Doritos (dependent clause).

12. Rules for Commas When you have two short independent clauses and you are using a conjunction, you may use a comma or not. When you have two short independent clauses and you are using a conjunction, you may use a comma or not. Kate slept late, but Jen got up early.Kate slept late, but Jen got up early. Kate slept late but Jen got up early.Kate slept late but Jen got up early.

13. Rules for Commas Use a comma after conjunctive adverbs (those are adverbs working as conjunctions – they link two sentences and show how the two are related). Use a comma after conjunctive adverbs (those are adverbs working as conjunctions – they link two sentences and show how the two are related). Conjunctive adverbs include:Conjunctive adverbs include: however, furthermore, indeed, meanwhile, nevertheless, therefore, unfortunately

14. Rules for Commas Conjunctive adverb example: Conjunctive adverb example: I thought I made a C+ on the test, however, I made a B-.I thought I made a C+ on the test, however, I made a B-. I didn ’ t study very much, nevertheless, I made a good grade.I didn ’ t study very much, nevertheless, I made a good grade. I might not be so lucky next time; therefore, I am going to study right now!I might not be so lucky next time; therefore, I am going to study right now!

15. Rules for Commas Use a comma after most introductory phrases and clauses. Use a comma after most introductory phrases and clauses. Since I forgot my combination, I could not open my locker.Since I forgot my combination, I could not open my locker. Since I forgot is an introductory clause and I could not open my locker is an independent clause.

16. Rules for Commas Introductory clause examples: Introductory clause examples: In spite of the fact that all the evidence supported his guilt, he plead innocent.In spite of the fact that all the evidence supported his guilt, he plead innocent. Being one who believes in punctuality, I am never late to an appointment.Being one who believes in punctuality, I am never late to an appointment. Short introductory clauses don ’ t necessarily have to have a comma. Short introductory clauses don ’ t necessarily have to have a comma. In May, I will be graduating.In May, I will be graduating. In May I will be graduating.In May I will be graduating. Both sentences are grammatically correct.

17. Rules for Commas Be careful when using introductory clauses and phrases. Don ’ t confuse the reader by forgetting an important comma. Be careful when using introductory clauses and phrases. Don ’ t confuse the reader by forgetting an important comma. After eating my cat hiccups.After eating my cat hiccups. How does your cat taste? After eating, my cat hiccups.After eating, my cat hiccups. After eating is the introductory clause and my cat hiccups is the independent clause. After eating is the introductory clause and my cat hiccups is the independent clause.

18. Rules for Commas Use commas to emphasize an adverb. Use commas to emphasize an adverb. Tori ran fast and got home before her mother. (This sentence is correct.)Tori ran fast and got home before her mother. (This sentence is correct.) Tori ran, fast, and got home before her mother. (This sentence is also correct and adds more emphasis on how she ran.)Tori ran, fast, and got home before her mother. (This sentence is also correct and adds more emphasis on how she ran.)

19. Rules for Commas Use commas when adjectives come after the noun. Use commas when adjectives come after the noun. My car, waxed and polished, will surely impress my girlfriend.My car, waxed and polished, will surely impress my girlfriend. The football players, tired and dirty, celebrated their victory.The football players, tired and dirty, celebrated their victory. Mr. Smith ’ s cat, hungry and scared, meowed from the top of the tree.Mr. Smith ’ s cat, hungry and scared, meowed from the top of the tree.

20. Rules for Commas Use commas in a list. Use commas in a list. He studied French, Spanish, and Russian.He studied French, Spanish, and Russian. Please buy milk, bread, peanut butter, and eggs from the store.Please buy milk, bread, peanut butter, and eggs from the store. When I go on vacation, I like playing golf, skiing, and snorkeling.When I go on vacation, I like playing golf, skiing, and snorkeling. He had to hike down the hill, fetch the pail of water, and then hike back home.He had to hike down the hill, fetch the pail of water, and then hike back home.

21. Rules for Commas Use a comma with cities and states. Always separate the city from the state and the state from everything else. Use a comma with cities and states. Always separate the city from the state and the state from everything else. My wife is in St. Cloud, Minnesota, visiting her grandmother.My wife is in St. Cloud, Minnesota, visiting her grandmother. We went to Omaha, Nebraska, for Thanksgiving.We went to Omaha, Nebraska, for Thanksgiving.

22. Rules for Commas Use commas with addresses. Notice there is no comma between the state and the zip code. Use commas with addresses. Notice there is no comma between the state and the zip code. She lives at 2055 E. Caballero, San Diego, California 90214.She lives at 2055 E. Caballero, San Diego, California 90214.

23. Rules for Commas Use commas in numbers over 999. Use commas in numbers over 999. 2,1402,140 1,214,0001,214,000 1,214,435,667,2101,214,435,667,210

24. Rules for Commas Use commas with direct quotations (what someone says). Use commas with direct quotations (what someone says). “ I saw Foo Fighters, ” yelled John, “ last night at the amphitheater! ”“ I saw Foo Fighters, ” yelled John, “ last night at the amphitheater! ” “ I ’ m not afraid of the dark, ” whispered Bobby, “ I ’ m almost eight years old. ”“ I ’ m not afraid of the dark, ” whispered Bobby, “ I ’ m almost eight years old. ” Jane cried, “ I lost my homework for Geometry! ”Jane cried, “ I lost my homework for Geometry! ”

25. Rules for Commas Do not use commas with indirect quotations (stating what someone said, not necessarily using his/her exact words). Do not use commas with indirect quotations (stating what someone said, not necessarily using his/her exact words). Sarah said that she wanted to go to the movies tonight.Sarah said that she wanted to go to the movies tonight. Bobby whispered that he wasn ’ t afraid of the dark any more because he is eight years old.Bobby whispered that he wasn ’ t afraid of the dark any more because he is eight years old.

26. Rules for Commas Use commas when speaking directly to someone (this is called a direct address). Use commas when speaking directly to someone (this is called a direct address). Keith, it is time to go.Keith, it is time to go. I ’ ve told you three times, boys and girls, to do your homework.I ’ ve told you three times, boys and girls, to do your homework. If you don ’ t believe me, Janet, go ask Mrs. Turner.If you don ’ t believe me, Janet, go ask Mrs. Turner.

27. Rules for Commas Use commas with dates. Use commas with dates. Note: Separate the day from the year and the year from the rest of the sentence. Madalyn was born on November 1 st, 2005, at 8:48 A.M.Madalyn was born on November 1 st, 2005, at 8:48 A.M. On March 22 nd, 2008, the new tax laws will go into effect.On March 22 nd, 2008, the new tax laws will go into effect. We will move on January 14 th, 2006, to our new house.We will move on January 14 th, 2006, to our new house.

28. Rules for Commas Use a comma before and/or after an interjection. Use a comma before and/or after an interjection. Interjections are the only words that add emotion to the writing and can be eliminated completely without changing the meaning of the sentence. Wow, what a beautiful sunset.Wow, what a beautiful sunset. No, I don ’ t really want to see that movie.No, I don ’ t really want to see that movie. I told Ryan that, yes, I would go to the dance with him.I told Ryan that, yes, I would go to the dance with him. I don ’ t like salad, heck, I don ’ t like any vegetables.I don ’ t like salad, heck, I don ’ t like any vegetables.

29. Rules for Commas Use commas between consecutive adjectives (two or more in a row) describing the same noun. Use commas between consecutive adjectives (two or more in a row) describing the same noun. It was a cold, dark, dreary night.It was a cold, dark, dreary night. Use a comma whenever the word and would sound right between the adjectives. Use a comma whenever the word and would sound right between the adjectives. It was a cold September night.It was a cold September night. Cold and September describe the same noun, but it wouldn ’ t sound right to say, “ cold and September night. ” Cold and September describe the same noun, but it wouldn ’ t sound right to say, “ cold and September night. ”

30. Rules for Commas Another trick for determining if your adjectives needs a comma or not is to reverse the order of the adjectives. If it sounds right, use a comma. Another trick for determining if your adjectives needs a comma or not is to reverse the order of the adjectives. If it sounds right, use a comma. It was a cold, dark, dreary night.It was a cold, dark, dreary night. It was a dark, dreary, cold night.It was a dark, dreary, cold night. I bought blue tennis shoes. (This sounds right.)I bought blue tennis shoes. (This sounds right.) I bought tennis, blue shoes. (This doesn ’ t sound right.)I bought tennis, blue shoes. (This doesn ’ t sound right.) NOTE: DON ’ T PUT COMMAS BEFORE NOUNS!

31. Rules for Commas Use commas before and after parenthetical expressions. Use commas before and after parenthetical expressions. Parenthetical expressions are words inserted into a sentence giving information or thoughts that are not absolutely essential. I reminded my mom, in case she forgot, that I wanted an Xbox 360 for my birthday.I reminded my mom, in case she forgot, that I wanted an Xbox 360 for my birthday. They usually cost, if you get a good deal, about $150.They usually cost, if you get a good deal, about $150. Since she is the best mom in the world, at least that ’ s what I tell her to get what I want, I know she ’ ll buy me one.Since she is the best mom in the world, at least that ’ s what I tell her to get what I want, I know she ’ ll buy me one.

32. Rules for Commas Use commas after greetings and before closing in friendly letters. Use commas after greetings and before closing in friendly letters.Greetings Dear Shannon,Dear Shannon, Hello Sweetheart,Hello Sweetheart,Closings Sincerely,Sincerely, Love,Love,

33. Rules for Commas Use a comma to show that two parts of a sentence are being contrasted. Use a comma to show that two parts of a sentence are being contrasted. I ’ m going out with Ken, not Ron.I ’ m going out with Ken, not Ron. It ’ s a book, not a movie.It ’ s a book, not a movie. I really wanted the Xbox, not the Playstation.I really wanted the Xbox, not the Playstation.

34. Rules for Commas Use commas with titles when they come after (but not before) the person ’ s name. Use commas with titles when they come after (but not before) the person ’ s name. Steven Miller, Ph.D., is the pediatric doctor on call tonight.Steven Miller, Ph.D., is the pediatric doctor on call tonight. Dr. Miller is the pediatric doctor on call tonight.Dr. Miller is the pediatric doctor on call tonight.

35. Rules for Commas Use commas before and after appositives (an appositive explains who or what the noun is). Use commas before and after appositives (an appositive explains who or what the noun is). Our Principal, Mrs. Griffin, gave a speech at the assembly.Our Principal, Mrs. Griffin, gave a speech at the assembly. Katie Stevens, the best ballerina in the performance, shone as the star of the evening.Katie Stevens, the best ballerina in the performance, shone as the star of the evening.

36. Rules for Commas Use commas to indicate omitted words. Use commas to indicate omitted words. I ordered pizza, Amanda lasagna.I ordered pizza, Amanda lasagna. Tonight I will work on English, tomorrow Math.Tonight I will work on English, tomorrow Math.

37. Rules for Colons Use a colon when you want to say “ here comes an example ” or “ here ’ s what I ’ m talking about. ” Use a colon when you want to say “ here comes an example ” or “ here ’ s what I ’ m talking about. ” There ’ s only one sport for me: alligator wrestling.There ’ s only one sport for me: alligator wrestling. This sentence is grammatically correct: I wonder if wolves actually wolf down their pizzas the way I wolf down mine.This sentence is grammatically correct: I wonder if wolves actually wolf down their pizzas the way I wolf down mine. Colons are used to give examples that directly relate to the sentence.

38. Rules for Colons Use a colon before some lists. Use a colon before some lists. A colon is needed before these phrases: these are, there are, the following, as follows, such as, or these things.A colon is needed before these phrases: these are, there are, the following, as follows, such as, or these things. My favorite sports are the following: baseball, basketball, soccer, football, and every other game that ’ s played with a ball.My favorite sports are the following: baseball, basketball, soccer, football, and every other game that ’ s played with a ball.

39. Rules for Colons Don ’ t use a colon if a list comes right after a verb. Don ’ t use a colon if a list comes right after a verb. The ingredients are: flour, eggs, sugar, and milk. (THIS SENTENCE IS WRONG.)The ingredients are: flour, eggs, sugar, and milk. (THIS SENTENCE IS WRONG.) The ingredients are flour, eggs, sugar, and milk. (THIS SENTENCE IS CORRECT.)The ingredients are flour, eggs, sugar, and milk. (THIS SENTENCE IS CORRECT.) These are the ingredients: flour, eggs, sugar, and milk. (THIS SENTENCE IS CORRECT.)These are the ingredients: flour, eggs, sugar, and milk. (THIS SENTENCE IS CORRECT.)

40. Rules for Colons Don ’ t use a colon after a preposition. Don ’ t use a colon after a preposition. I want to travel to: New York, San Francisco, Atlanta, and Montreal. (Incorrect)I want to travel to: New York, San Francisco, Atlanta, and Montreal. (Incorrect) I want to travel to New York, San Francisco, Atlanta, and Montreal.I want to travel to New York, San Francisco, Atlanta, and Montreal. (Correct) (Correct) I want to travel to the following cities: New York, San Francisco, Atlanta, and Montreal.I want to travel to the following cities: New York, San Francisco, Atlanta, and Montreal.(Correct)

41. Rules for Colons Use a colon before subtitles of books, articles, chapters, etc. Use a colon before subtitles of books, articles, chapters, etc. The title of the book is Bill Gates: Man of the Year.The title of the book is Bill Gates: Man of the Year. Use a colon with expressions of time. Use a colon with expressions of time. It ’ s 12:15 P.M.It ’ s 12:15 P.M. His record for the mile is 4:06:27.His record for the mile is 4:06:27.

42. Rules for Colons Use a colon in the greeting part of a formal letter or business letter. Use a colon in the greeting part of a formal letter or business letter. To Whom It May Concern:To Whom It May Concern: Dear Senator McCain:Dear Senator McCain: Use a colon in literary references between volume and page or between chapter and verse. Use a colon in literary references between volume and page or between chapter and verse. John 3:16 [ the book of John, chapter 3, verse 16]John 3:16 [ the book of John, chapter 3, verse 16] Encyclopedia Brittanica IV:425 [volume 4, page 425]Encyclopedia Brittanica IV:425 [volume 4, page 425]

43. Rules for Colons Use a colon with ratios. Use a colon with ratios. The bill passed with a 3:1 vote.The bill passed with a 3:1 vote. Use colons to indicate dialogue when you ’ re writing a play or script. Use colons to indicate dialogue when you ’ re writing a play or script. Henry: I can ’ t believe it ’ s not butter. Janet: It has less fat than sour cream. Henry: But it taste so good.

44. Rules for Colons Use a colon before a long, formal quotation. Use a colon before a long, formal quotation. Governor Smith stated to the press: “ I think that children should study grammar for at least six hours a day. Learning to speak and write correctly is far more important than anything else – including eating. In fact, I believe that eating is a complete waste of valuable time. ” Then he said, “ April Fools! ” Governor Smith stated to the press: “ I think that children should study grammar for at least six hours a day. Learning to speak and write correctly is far more important than anything else – including eating. In fact, I believe that eating is a complete waste of valuable time. ” Then he said, “ April Fools! ”

45. Rules for Colons Use a colon after words such as caution, wanted, or note. Use a colon after words such as caution, wanted, or note. Caution: wet floor.Caution: wet floor. Wanted: interior designer specializing in abstract art.Wanted: interior designer specializing in abstract art. Note: Colons have specific uses.Note: Colons have specific uses.

46. Rules for Colons Capitalize the first word after a colon if it begins a complete sentence – and if you want to. Either way is okay as long as it is a complete sentence. Capitalize the first word after a colon if it begins a complete sentence – and if you want to. Either way is okay as long as it is a complete sentence. Caution: There are workers present.Caution: There are workers present. Caution: there are workers present.Caution: there are workers present.

47. Rules for Semicolons A semicolon is stronger than a comma but slightly weaker than a period.A semicolon is stronger than a comma but slightly weaker than a period. Use a semicolon between two sentences that are very closely related. Use a semicolon between two sentences that are very closely related. My family is Jewish. We celebrate Chanukah but not Christmas.My family is Jewish. We celebrate Chanukah but not Christmas. My family is Jewish; we celebrate Chanukah but not Christmas.My family is Jewish; we celebrate Chanukah but not Christmas. (Being Jewish and celebrating Chanukah are very closely related, and that relationship is emphasized by putting them in the same sentence.)

48. Rules for Semicolons Only use a semicolon between two complete sentences that are closely related. Only use a semicolon between two complete sentences that are closely related. My family is Jewish; not Christian.My family is Jewish; not Christian. (This sentence is incorrect because not Christian is a fragment, not a complete sentence.) My family is Jewish, not Christian.My family is Jewish, not Christian.

49. Rules for Semicolons Use a semicolon before however and similar words (these words are called conjunctive adverbs) that show a relationship between two complete sentences. Use a semicolon before however and similar words (these words are called conjunctive adverbs) that show a relationship between two complete sentences. I bet you thought you wouldn ’ t have to learn another semicolon rule; however, you were wrong.I bet you thought you wouldn ’ t have to learn another semicolon rule; however, you were wrong. I bet you thought you wouldn ’ t have to learn another semicolon rule. However, you were wrong.I bet you thought you wouldn ’ t have to learn another semicolon rule. However, you were wrong.

50. Rules for Semicolons Use semicolons between clauses or phrases that contain a lot of commas. Use semicolons between clauses or phrases that contain a lot of commas. Wesley likes books about baseball, biplanes, and bagels, Brian likes books about antique cars, blimps, and rare fish, and Tori likes books about racehorses, dolls, and military jets.Wesley likes books about baseball, biplanes, and bagels, Brian likes books about antique cars, blimps, and rare fish, and Tori likes books about racehorses, dolls, and military jets. This sentence is very confusing and sounds choppy.

51. Rules for Semicolons Wesley likes books about baseball, biplanes, and bagels; Brian likes books about antique cars, blimps, and rare fish; and Tori likes books about racehorses, dolls, and military jets.Wesley likes books about baseball, biplanes, and bagels; Brian likes books about antique cars, blimps, and rare fish; and Tori likes books about racehorses, dolls, and military jets. The semicolons in this sentence helps the reader to understand what ideas go together.

52. Rules for Semicolons Use semicolons in lists that contain commas as part of the listed material. Use semicolons in lists that contain commas as part of the listed material. I want to visit Atlanta, Georgia; San Diego, California; Washington, D.C.; and Denver, Colorado.I want to visit Atlanta, Georgia; San Diego, California; Washington, D.C.; and Denver, Colorado.

53. Rules for Parentheses Use parentheses to set off parenthetical expressions from the main part of the sentence. Use parentheses to set off parenthetical expressions from the main part of the sentence. A parenthetical expression is a “ by-the-way ” information (inserted in the middle of a sentence, like this) that isn ’ t absolutely necessary.A parenthetical expression is a “ by-the-way ” information (inserted in the middle of a sentence, like this) that isn ’ t absolutely necessary. Parenthetical expressions can include: explanations, translations, clarifications, feelings, jokes or puns, opinions, or lists.Parenthetical expressions can include: explanations, translations, clarifications, feelings, jokes or puns, opinions, or lists.

54. Rules for Parentheses Examples of parenthetical expressions: Examples of parenthetical expressions: The academic year (this year that ’ s August 20-June 13) includes 180 school days.The academic year (this year that ’ s August 20-June 13) includes 180 school days. I paid 40 German marks (about $25) for dinner.I paid 40 German marks (about $25) for dinner. The town where I live (Phoenix) is in the central part of Arizona.The town where I live (Phoenix) is in the central part of Arizona. School is canceled (yippee!) today.School is canceled (yippee!) today. We ’ re having chocolate mousse (no, not chocolate moose) for dessert.We ’ re having chocolate mousse (no, not chocolate moose) for dessert. We ’ re all out (and I hope we ’ ll remain out) of livermush.We ’ re all out (and I hope we ’ ll remain out) of livermush. Some of my cousins (Bill, Kristen, David, Robin, Melissa, and Kacey) were at my party.Some of my cousins (Bill, Kristen, David, Robin, Melissa, and Kacey) were at my party.

55. Rules for Parentheses Don ’ t over use parentheses by including everything but the kitchen sink! Don ’ t over use parentheses by including everything but the kitchen sink! My next-door neighbor (her name is Tori, just like my cousin) bought a new car (I think it ’ s a Mazda, but I ’ m not sure; I like Mazdas) last week (on Friday, the day right after my birthday, in fact) and took me for a ride to Erica ’ s house (she was getting ready for her trip to California) right after she got home (she had had a long day at work) with it (the car, I mean-not the long day at work!).My next-door neighbor (her name is Tori, just like my cousin) bought a new car (I think it ’ s a Mazda, but I ’ m not sure; I like Mazdas) last week (on Friday, the day right after my birthday, in fact) and took me for a ride to Erica ’ s house (she was getting ready for her trip to California) right after she got home (she had had a long day at work) with it (the car, I mean-not the long day at work!). THIS IS A HORRIBLE SENTENCE!

56. Rules for Parentheses Punctuating parentheses can be difficult. Pay attention to punctuation. Rule of thumb, punctuate the sentence just like you would without parentheses and punctuate the parentheses without the sentence – then insert the parentheses into the sentence. Punctuating parentheses can be difficult. Pay attention to punctuation. Rule of thumb, punctuate the sentence just like you would without parentheses and punctuate the parentheses without the sentence – then insert the parentheses into the sentence.

57. Rules for Parentheses Examples of punctuating parentheses: Examples of punctuating parentheses: When I ’ m hungry (like now), all I can think about is food.When I ’ m hungry (like now), all I can think about is food. I took my girlfriend out to dinner (if you can call splitting a hot dog dinner).I took my girlfriend out to dinner (if you can call splitting a hot dog dinner). I ’ m angry (really angry!) about you going to the movie without me.I ’ m angry (really angry!) about you going to the movie without me. What a scary movie (Saw)!What a scary movie (Saw)! I ’ m sad (that doesn ’ t surprise you, does it?) about you going to the movie without me.I ’ m sad (that doesn ’ t surprise you, does it?) about you going to the movie without me. Did you enjoy the movie (did you stay awake through it?)?Did you enjoy the movie (did you stay awake through it?)?

58. Rules for Brackets Use brackets to insert one parenthetical comment inside another parenthetical comment. Use brackets to insert one parenthetical comment inside another parenthetical comment. It is usually better, however, to rewrite sentences with too many parenthetical comments. My new mountain bike (which cost me $500 [my entire savings!]) weighs only 23 pounds. My new mountain bike (which cost me $500 [my entire savings!]) weighs only 23 pounds.

59. Rules for Brackets Use brackets to insert explanations or instructions that are not actually part of the sentence. Use brackets to insert explanations or instructions that are not actually part of the sentence. The correct way to write the sentence is: Each [singular subject] of the boys is [singular verb] here.The correct way to write the sentence is: Each [singular subject] of the boys is [singular verb] here.

60. Rules for Brackets Use brackets to insert your own editorial comments into quoted material. Use brackets to insert your own editorial comments into quoted material. The brackets say “ these are my words, not the quoted person ’ s words. ” The brackets say “ these are my words, not the quoted person ’ s words. ” Mike said, “ We all want Z-man [Joshua Zinn] to pitch for our team. ”Mike said, “ We all want Z-man [Joshua Zinn] to pitch for our team. ” The young man said, “ I was born in 1930 [?] in Ohio. ”The young man said, “ I was born in 1930 [?] in Ohio. ”

61. Rules for Dashes Use a dash to link two parts of a sentence. Use a dash to link two parts of a sentence. Always hook your seatbelt – it ’ s the law.Always hook your seatbelt – it ’ s the law. I gave you my last $20, so don ’ t waste it. (using a comma works, but is not as strong as a dash.)I gave you my last $20, so don ’ t waste it. (using a comma works, but is not as strong as a dash.) I gave you my last $20 – so don ’ t waste it.I gave you my last $20 – so don ’ t waste it.

62. Rules for Dashes Use dashes to emphasize by-the- way, parenthetical expressions. Use dashes to emphasize by-the- way, parenthetical expressions. My grandmother bought me a puppy – an adorable little bulldog! – for my birthday.My grandmother bought me a puppy – an adorable little bulldog! – for my birthday. I ’ ve lived in Portland – the one in Oregon, not Maine – all my lifeI ’ ve lived in Portland – the one in Oregon, not Maine – all my life

63. Rules for Dashes Use a dash for clarity and emphasis. Use a dash for clarity and emphasis. Finally Robin fell exhausted into bed on top of the cat. (Confusing)Finally Robin fell exhausted into bed on top of the cat. (Confusing) Finally Robin fell exhausted into bed – on top of his cat!Finally Robin fell exhausted into bed – on top of his cat!

64. Rules for Dashes Use a dash to set off a long appositive (a description of who or what the subject is) or an appositive with lots of commas. Use a dash to set off a long appositive (a description of who or what the subject is) or an appositive with lots of commas. I love Beaver Creek, a small ski area in Colorado with long, challenging runs.I love Beaver Creek, a small ski area in Colorado with long, challenging runs. This sentence is correct, but weak. This sentence is correct, but weak. I love Beaver Creek – a small ski area in Colorado with long, challenging runs.I love Beaver Creek – a small ski area in Colorado with long, challenging runs.

65. Rules for Dashes Examples: Examples: My best friend, Mike, is here.My best friend, Mike, is here. (Correct and effective) (Correct and effective) My best friends, Mike, Kevin, Brian, and Paul, are here.My best friends, Mike, Kevin, Brian, and Paul, are here. (Confusing and cluttered) (Confusing and cluttered) My best friends – Mike, Kevin, Brian, and Paul – are here.My best friends – Mike, Kevin, Brian, and Paul – are here. (Easier to understand and more effective) (Easier to understand and more effective)

66. Rules for Dashes Use a dash in dialogue to show hesitation or a break in the flow of the sentence. Use a dash in dialogue to show hesitation or a break in the flow of the sentence. Parker said, “ I definitely studied enough for the test – or I think I studied enough – I probably studied nearly enough-well, I hope I studied enough. ”Parker said, “ I definitely studied enough for the test – or I think I studied enough – I probably studied nearly enough-well, I hope I studied enough. ”

67. Rules for Dashes Use a dash to sum up a list or idea. Use a dash to sum up a list or idea. Red, white, and blue – those are the American colors.Red, white, and blue – those are the American colors. Victory – that ’ s the name of the game.Victory – that ’ s the name of the game.

68. Parenthetical Phrases Should you use parentheses, commas, or dashes in parenthetical phrases? Should you use parentheses, commas, or dashes in parenthetical phrases? Think of parentheses as hiding information (de- emphasizing it) while dashes highlight information – emphasizing it. Think of commas as being matter-of-fact, neither highlighting nor hiding information. If the parenthetical information is very closely related to the sentence, commas are usually better. If the parenthetical information is not so closely related, dashes and parentheses are usually better.

69. Parenthetical Phrases Using parenthetical phrases is a tool. It depends on what you are trying to get across to the reader, how do you want the sentence to sound. Using parenthetical phrases is a tool. It depends on what you are trying to get across to the reader, how do you want the sentence to sound. The tennis team (especially Jim) played great.The tennis team (especially Jim) played great. The tennis team, especially Jim, played great.The tennis team, especially Jim, played great. The tennis team – especially Jim – played great.The tennis team – especially Jim – played great. Notice the different way each sentence sounds and the tone that it creates.

70. Rules for Hyphens Use hyphens in some compound words (two or more separate words that we think of as one unit). Use hyphens in some compound words (two or more separate words that we think of as one unit). Be careful – this is tricky territory! There ’ s no absolute rule for when to use one word, two words, or a hyphen, so check your dictionary. Is it cheerleader, cheer leader, or cheer- leader? All are correct.Is it cheerleader, cheer leader, or cheer- leader? All are correct.

71. Rules for Hyphens Sometimes spelling words as one word, two words, or hyphenated are all correct. Use a good dictionary. But most importantly, be consistent; if you use the spelling with (or without) a hyphen in the beginning, use the same spelling throughout your paper. Sometimes spelling words as one word, two words, or hyphenated are all correct. Use a good dictionary. But most importantly, be consistent; if you use the spelling with (or without) a hyphen in the beginning, use the same spelling throughout your paper.

72. Rules for Hyphens Use a hyphen with some prefixes, especially all-, co-, ex-, half-, great-, numbers, and capital letters. Use a hyphen with some prefixes, especially all-, co-, ex-, half-, great-, numbers, and capital letters. all-knowing, all-aroundall-knowing, all-around co-conspirator, co-authorco-conspirator, co-author ex-husband, ex-convictex-husband, ex-convict half-truth, half-heartedhalf-truth, half-hearted great-grandmother, great-unclegreat-grandmother, great-uncle 5-cent piece of candy, 40-foot tree5-cent piece of candy, 40-foot tree T-shirt, PG-ratedT-shirt, PG-rated

73. Rules for Hyphens Use a hyphen when a word would be confusing or hard to read without it. Use a hyphen when a word would be confusing or hard to read without it. shelllike (3 l ’ s in a row - confusing) shelllike (3 l ’ s in a row - confusing) shell-likeshell-like Anne recovered from the flu and recovered her living room chair (this is confusing) Anne recovered from the flu and recovered her living room chair (this is confusing) Anne recovered from the flu andAnne recovered from the flu and re-covered her living room chair.

74. Rules for Hyphens Use a hyphen with double last names. Use a hyphen with double last names. Mary Scott-SimonsMary Scott-Simons Jim Blake-AdamsJim Blake-Adams Use hyphens with words that are meant to be read as a single unit. Use hyphens with words that are meant to be read as a single unit. the Braves-Mets gamethe Braves-Mets game

75. Rules for Hyphens Use hyphens (or slashes) with dates. Use hyphens (or slashes) with dates. 1-12-061-12-06 1/12/061/12/06 Use hyphens with compound numbers from 21 to 99. Use hyphens with compound numbers from 21 to 99. twenty-one, ninety-ninetwenty-one, ninety-nine

76. Rules for Hyphens Use hyphens with fractions acting as adjectives or adverbs, but not fractions acting as nouns. Use hyphens with fractions acting as adjectives or adverbs, but not fractions acting as nouns. The bottle of Coke was two-thirds [adverb] full.The bottle of Coke was two-thirds [adverb] full. Jill drank two thirds [noun] of the bottle of Coke.Jill drank two thirds [noun] of the bottle of Coke.

77. Rules for Hyphens Use a hyphen with scores. Use a hyphen with scores. We beat our arch rivals 86-78.We beat our arch rivals 86-78. Use hyphens in compound adjectives if they come before the noun they describe. Use hyphens in compound adjectives if they come before the noun they describe. the 15-year-old girlthe 15-year-old girl up-to-date technologyup-to-date technology eighth-grade studentseighth-grade students a drive-me-completely-nuts classa drive-me-completely-nuts class

78. Rules for Hyphens If the compound adjective comes after the noun, don ’ t use hyphens. If the compound adjective comes after the noun, don ’ t use hyphens. The girl is 15 years old.The girl is 15 years old. The technology is up to date.The technology is up to date. The students are eighth graders.The students are eighth graders. This class is going to drive me completely nuts.This class is going to drive me completely nuts.

79. Rules for Hyphens Use hyphens to mean through. Use hyphens to mean through. Read pages 16-24.Read pages 16-24. The baseball card store is open Monday- Saturday.The baseball card store is open Monday- Saturday. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is perhaps the most famous writer of all time.William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is perhaps the most famous writer of all time. In formal writing, it is usually better to write out the word through. In formal writing, it is usually better to write out the word through.

80. Rules for Hyphens Use hyphens to spell out words. Use hyphens to spell out words. She said, “ My name is Kacey,She said, “ My name is Kacey, K-a-c-e-y. ” Use hyphens to show faltering speech. Use hyphens to show faltering speech. Oh, no! Y-y-you t-t-took my b-b-book?Oh, no! Y-y-you t-t-took my b-b-book?

81. Rules for Hyphens Use hyphens for hyphenating words. Use hyphens for hyphenating words. When writing articles you sometimes have limited room and therefore need to break words up. In formal writing, especially typed papers, there is no need to hyphenate. For handwritten papers, use your rough draft as a guide to know when to end your last word on the line so you do not need to hyphenate.When writing articles you sometimes have limited room and therefore need to break words up. In formal writing, especially typed papers, there is no need to hyphenate. For handwritten papers, use your rough draft as a guide to know when to end your last word on the line so you do not need to hyphenate.

82. Rules for Apostrophes Use apostrophes with nouns to indicate ownership. Use apostrophes with nouns to indicate ownership. Fred ’ s carFred ’ s car Crystal ’ s catCrystal ’ s cat The Harrises ’ carThe Harrises ’ car The Joneses ’ houseThe Joneses ’ house The women ’ s dressesThe women ’ s dresses Do not use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns (i.e. theirs, yours, ours, his, hers)

83. Rules for Apostrophes Use an apostrophe to indicate missing letters. Use an apostrophe to indicate missing letters. 10 of the clack = 10 o ’ clock10 of the clack = 10 o ’ clock 2005 = ’ 052005 = ’ 05 we were not = we weren ’ twe were not = we weren ’ t it is = it ’ s (its = possessive pronoun)it is = it ’ s (its = possessive pronoun) there is = there ’ s (theirs is a possessive pronoun, they ’ re = they are)there is = there ’ s (theirs is a possessive pronoun, they ’ re = they are) you are = you ’ re (your is a possessive pronoun)you are = you ’ re (your is a possessive pronoun)

84. Rules for Apostrophes Do not use an apostrophe in most plural words. Do not use an apostrophe in most plural words. Both the boy ’ s and the girl ’ s are invited to try out for the soccer team. (WRONG)Both the boy ’ s and the girl ’ s are invited to try out for the soccer team. (WRONG) Both the boys and the girls are invited to try out for the soccer team.Both the boys and the girls are invited to try out for the soccer team. I grew up in the 1980 ’ s. (WRONG)I grew up in the 1980 ’ s. (WRONG) I grew up in the 1980s.I grew up in the 1980s.

85. Rules for Apostrophes With numbers other than years, either way (with or without and apostrophe) is okay. Be consistent. With numbers other than years, either way (with or without and apostrophe) is okay. Be consistent. There are three 9 ’ s on this page.There are three 9 ’ s on this page. There are three 9s on this page.There are three 9s on this page.

86. Rules for Apostrophes Some weird examples to remember: Some weird examples to remember: Words used as words: There are too many but ’ s in that sentence.There are too many but ’ s in that sentence.Abbreviations There are three M.D. ’ s here.There are three M.D. ’ s here.Alphabet Mississippi is spelled with four s ’ s, four i ’ s, and two p ’ s.Mississippi is spelled with four s ’ s, four i ’ s, and two p ’ s.

87. Rules for Ellipses Use an ellipsis to indicate some words have been left out of a quotation. Use an ellipsis to indicate some words have been left out of a quotation. The governor said, “ It is very important for our children... that the school year be extended... and that they go to school... 360 days a year.The governor said, “ It is very important for our children... that the school year be extended... and that they go to school... 360 days a year. This type of quote should be used sparingly and the omitted material should not change the meaning of the quote.

88. Rules for Ellipses Use an ellipsis to indicate that something unwritten came earlier. Use an ellipsis to indicate that something unwritten came earlier. “... I do, ” said Cary.“... I do, ” said Cary. An ellipses should be used with care, it would be wrong to misquote something.

89. Rules for Ellipses Use an ellipsis to indicate a sentence trailing off. Use an ellipsis to indicate a sentence trailing off. Imagine this as the final sentence of a book chapter – it entices the reader to turn the page to read what happens next:Imagine this as the final sentence of a book chapter – it entices the reader to turn the page to read what happens next: Tom and Carlos were camping in the woods, asleep in their tent, when they heard it – the sound...

90. Rules for Ellipses Us an ellipsis to indicate a long, slow break. Us an ellipsis to indicate a long, slow break. There it was again... that soft but eerie sound.There it was again... that soft but eerie sound. Use an ellipsis to indicate slow-downs in thought or conversation. Use an ellipsis to indicate slow-downs in thought or conversation. They looked sweetly into each other ’ s eyes until the moment was right, then slowly... gently... a kiss.They looked sweetly into each other ’ s eyes until the moment was right, then slowly... gently... a kiss.

91. Rules for Underlining and Italics Use italics primarily instead of underlining, especially when typing. Underline when you are writing out by hand or using it for a special purpose. Either way is grammatically correct – be consistent. Use italics primarily instead of underlining, especially when typing. Underline when you are writing out by hand or using it for a special purpose. Either way is grammatically correct – be consistent.

92. Rules for Underlining and Italics Use italics or underlining for names of books, magazines, newspapers, movies, operas, plays, and other large works. Use italics or underlining for names of books, magazines, newspapers, movies, operas, plays, and other large works. The New York TimesThe New York TimesThe New York TimesThe New York Times The Addams Family The Addams FamilyThe Addams Family The Addams Family Time MagazineTime MagazineTime MagazineTime Magazine

93. Rules for Underlining and Italics Use quotation marks (not underlining or italics) for the names of songs, poems, magazine articles, newspaper articles, short stories, chapters of books, and other small works. Use quotation marks (not underlining or italics) for the names of songs, poems, magazine articles, newspaper articles, short stories, chapters of books, and other small works. “ Singing in the Rain ” - song“ Singing in the Rain ” - song “ Education Growing ” – article“ Education Growing ” – article “ The Road Not Taken ” - poem“ The Road Not Taken ” - poem

94. Rules for Underlining and Italics Use italics or underlining for emphasis (but don ’ t abuse this). Use italics or underlining for emphasis (but don ’ t abuse this). I really mean it this time: Don ’ t bite the dog!I really mean it this time: Don ’ t bite the dog! Guess who asked me to the prom – Hartley!Guess who asked me to the prom – Hartley! Will I never finish this algebra homework?Will I never finish this algebra homework?

95. Rules for Underlining and Italics Use italics or underlining for foreign words. Use italics or underlining for foreign words. I ordered coq au vin for dinner.I ordered coq au vin for dinner. Some words are no longer considered foreign words, such as quiche and salsa. You decide what is considered foreign, but be consistent.

96. Rules for Underlining and Italics Use italics or underlining or quotation marks for words used as words. Use italics or underlining or quotation marks for words used as words. Pneumonia is a tough word to spell.Pneumonia is a tough word to spell. “ Pneumonia ” is a tough word to spell.“ Pneumonia ” is a tough word to spell. Pneumonia is a tough word to spell.Pneumonia is a tough word to spell.

97. Rules for Quotation Marks Use quotation marks to enclose what someone says (direct quotes). Use quotation marks to enclose what someone says (direct quotes). Mario said, “ Get me a Coke, ” and Elena replied, “ Get it yourself. ”Mario said, “ Get me a Coke, ” and Elena replied, “ Get it yourself. ” Remember do not use quotation marks with indirect quotes.

98. Rules for Quotation Marks Thoughts or questions in someone ’ s mind (in other words, ideas not spoken out loud) do not need quotation marks. Thoughts or questions in someone ’ s mind (in other words, ideas not spoken out loud) do not need quotation marks. Will I survive this bungee jump? Austin wondered.Will I survive this bungee jump? Austin wondered.

99. Rules for Quotation Marks Use quotation marks to suggest doubt or skepticism. Use quotation marks to suggest doubt or skepticism. You call this a “ car ” ? I call it scrap metal.You call this a “ car ” ? I call it scrap metal. The teacher said we did “ okay ” on the test – whatever that means.The teacher said we did “ okay ” on the test – whatever that means.

100. Rules for Quotation Marks Use quotation marks for definitions. Use quotation marks for definitions. A principle is “ a basic truth or a standard of good behavior ” ; a principal is “ one who holds a position of presiding rank, especially the head of a school. ”A principle is “ a basic truth or a standard of good behavior ” ; a principal is “ one who holds a position of presiding rank, especially the head of a school. ”

101. Rules for Quotation Marks Use quotation marks for sayings. Use quotation marks for sayings. My mom loves to use the saying “ every dog has its day. ”My mom loves to use the saying “ every dog has its day. ” Use quotation marks for labels, markings, signs, etc. Use quotation marks for labels, markings, signs, etc. I ’ m confused. This stoplight says “ stop ” and that one says “ go. ”I ’ m confused. This stoplight says “ stop ” and that one says “ go. ” Stamp the receipts “ paid. ”Stamp the receipts “ paid. ” Label this container “ flour ” and that one “ sugar. ”Label this container “ flour ” and that one “ sugar. ”

102. Rules for Quotation Marks Use quotation marks to indicate clever or silly use of a word. Use quotation marks to indicate clever or silly use of a word. I love the “ flowers ” you made out of ribbon and beads.I love the “ flowers ” you made out of ribbon and beads. The dog “ wolfed ” down his dinner.The dog “ wolfed ” down his dinner. Don ’ t overuse quotation marks in this manner. It begins to look cluttered.

103. Rules for Quotation Marks Commas and period always go inside the quotation mark. Commas and period always go inside the quotation mark. Marsha said, “ Let ’ s go, ” and we did.Marsha said, “ Let ’ s go, ” and we did. The title of the song is “ Don ’ t Speak. ”The title of the song is “ Don ’ t Speak. ” Colons and semicolons always go outside the quotation mark. Colons and semicolons always go outside the quotation mark. Catherine said, “ I ’ ll clean my room ” ; now we ’ ll see if she means it.Catherine said, “ I ’ ll clean my room ” ; now we ’ ll see if she means it. Mom uttered the first rule of “ parental law ” : just because I said so!Mom uttered the first rule of “ parental law ” : just because I said so!

104. Rules for Quotation Marks If you have a quotation within a quotation, use single quotation marks around it. If you have a quotation within a quotation, use single quotation marks around it. Parker said, “ My mom said, ‘ No way! ’ so I guess I can ’ t go. ”Parker said, “ My mom said, ‘ No way! ’ so I guess I can ’ t go. ” She whispered, “ I love the song ‘ Singing in the Rain. ’”She whispered, “ I love the song ‘ Singing in the Rain. ’” If only a yes or no is quoted, it doesn ’ t matter if you use quotation marks or not. Be consistent.

105. Rules for Quotation Marks If several different speakers are quoted, start a new paragraph for each new speaker, especially in a long dialogue. If several different speakers are quoted, start a new paragraph for each new speaker, especially in a long dialogue.

106. Rules for Quotation Marks Question marks and exclamation points depend on what is being quoted. If it is just the quoted material the question mark or exclamation point goes inside the quote. If the whole sentence is a question or exclamation, the punctuation goes outside the quote. Question marks and exclamation points depend on what is being quoted. If it is just the quoted material the question mark or exclamation point goes inside the quote. If the whole sentence is a question or exclamation, the punctuation goes outside the quote.

107. Rules for Quotation Marks Examples: Examples: I think he is the one that yelled, “ Fire! ”I think he is the one that yelled, “ Fire! ” I was furious when he smugly said, “ Drop dead ” !I was furious when he smugly said, “ Drop dead ” ! She asked, “ Is that really you? ”She asked, “ Is that really you? ” Are you the one who yelled, “ Help ” ?Are you the one who yelled, “ Help ” ?

108. Rules for Punctuation Be consistent. Be consistent. Edit and revise your essays specifically for punctuation. Edit and revise your essays specifically for punctuation. Do not rely on punctuation marks to set your tone, your wording is much more important. Do not rely on punctuation marks to set your tone, your wording is much more important. Rewrite sentences that “ seem ” weird – they probably are. Rewrite sentences that “ seem ” weird – they probably are.

109. The End *Most of the material and examples are taken from Painless Grammar, by Rebecca Elliot, Ph.D.©1997