1. Chap. 11 TECHNIQUES, TEXTBOOKS, AND TECHNOLOGY
Teaching by principles
H.D. Brown

2. TECHNIQUES REDEFINED 1. Task
-Focus on the authentic use of language for
meaningful communicative purposes beyond
the language classroom
2. Activity
-What learners do in the classroom
Role-plays, drills, games, peer-editing,
small-group information-gap exercises

3. TECHNIQUES REDEFINED 3. Procedure
The actual moment-to-moment techniques,
practices, and behaviors that operate in
teaching a language according to a
particular method
4. Practice, behavior, exercise, strategy
5. Technique

4. CATEGORIZING TECHNIQUE: A BIT OF HISTORY
ESL Teacher’s Activities Kit (e.g., Elizabeth Claire, Friederike Kippel, Shoemaker and Shoemaker)
From Manipulation to Communication
Manipulative side --- communicative
Manipulation-communication scale

5. CATEGORIZING TECHNIQUE: A BIT OF HISTORY
The whole CLT approach accentuates a
diametrically opposite philosophy: that
genuine communication can take place from
the very first day of a language class
Another communicative technique involves students in a “mixer” to interact!!

6. CATEGORIZING TECHNIQUE: A BIT OF HISTORY
2. Mechanical, Meaningful, & Communicative Drills: Minimal-or optimal - use of such drilling
Repetition drills, substitution drills,
Moving slot substitution drills
Mechanical drills

7. CATEGORIZING TECHNIQUE: A BIT OF HISTORY
A meaningful drill - connected to some form of reality
“communicative” drills
Quasi-communicative practice
Make some use of drilling techniques but only in moderation
A few short, snappy drills here and there, especially at the lower levels of proficiency

8. CATEGORIZING TECHNIQUE: A BIT OF HISTORY
3. Controlled to Free Techniques
Controlled Free
Teacher-centered Student-centered
Manipulative Communicative
Structured Open-ended
Predicted Sts’ response Unpredicted responses
Pre-planned objectives Negotiated objectives
Set curriculum Cooperative curriculum

9. A TAXONOMY OF TECHNIQUES
Taxonomy of language-teaching techniques Table 9.1
1. Controlled Techniques
-Warm-up
-Setting
-Organizational
-Content explanation

10. A TAXONOMY OF TECHNIQUES
-Role-play demonstration
-Dialogue/narrative recitation
-Reading aloud
-Checking
-Q & A, Display
-Drill
-Translation

11. A TAXONOMY OF TECHNIQUES
-Dictation
-Copying
-Identification
-Recognition
-Review
-Testing
-Meaningful drill

12. A TAXONOMY OF TECHNIQUES
2. Semicontrolled Techniques
-Brainstorming
-Storytelling
-Q & A, Referential
-Cued narrative/dialogue
-Information transfer
-Information exchange

13. A TAXONOMY OF TECHNIQUES
-Wrap-up
-Narration/exposition
-Preparation

14. A TAXONOMY OF TECHNIQUES
3. Free Techniques
-Role-play
-Games
-Report
-Problem-solving
-Drama
-Simulation

15. A TAXONOMY OF TECHNIQUES
-Interview
-Discussion
-Composition
-Propos

16. TEXTBOOKS
The most obvious and most common form of material support for language instruction comes through textbooks
Your challenge is to make the very best use of the textbook that you have
Always perform text evaluations before & after using one-also ask sts about their opinions on textbook (see Table 9.2)

17. OTHER WRITTEN TEXTS
Texts are any of a wide variety of types or genres of linguistic forms
Teacher Resource Books
Other Student Textbooks
Realia are the oldest form of classroom
Posters, charts, and magazine pictures

18. TECHNOLOGY IN THE LANGUAGE CLASSROOM
Commercially produces audiotapes
Commercially produced videotapes
Self-made audiotapes
Self-made videotapes
Overhead projection

19. COMPUTER-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING (CALL)
1. Multimodal practice with feedback
2. Individualization in a large class
3. Pair and small-group work on projects, either collaboratively or competitively
4. The fun factor
5. Variety in the resources available and learning styles used

20. COMPUTER-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING (CALL)
6. Exploratory learning with large amounts of language data
7. Real-life skill-building in computer use

21. COMPUTER-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING (CALL)
Collaborative projects
Peer-editing of compositions
Web page design
Reinforcement of classroom material
Games and simulations
Computer adaptive testing
Speech processing