1. Parts of speech

2. Eight parts of speech: Noun pronoun verb adjective adverb preposition conjunction and interjection

3. Noun A noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, quality, action, feeling etc Concrete noun A concrete noun is one that names a concrete object – person, place, thing, material or a collection of things or persons etc.object Dara Singh is a great boxer Proper nouns A proper noun is the name given to a particular place, person or thing to single it out from other of its clags. Paris is the capital of France

4. Common noun A common noun is the name of a person, place or thing of whose kind there are many others The dog is a very faithful animal Countable Nouns The nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns E.g. Cars, sharpeners, pencils Uncountable nouns The nouns that cannot be counted (only their units are counted)are called uncountable noun E.g. : Sugar, petrol, coffee Pronoun A pronoun is a word used in the place of an noun. ‘Pro’ means ‘for’ – word which stands in the place of.

5. Kinds of Pronouns 1. Personal Pronouns : I, we, you, he, she, it and they are called personal pronouns because they are mostly used for persons. They are also called as the subject/root/basic form of the pronoun. First Person : The person who speaks is the first person. Second person : the person whom the first person speaks to is the second person Third Person : The person or persons about whom a person speaks is the third person(s). 2. Possessive Pronouns : A possessive pronoun stands for possession. They are mine, ours, theirs, yours, his, hers, its. The house is ours. 3. Demonstrative Pronouns : Pronouns which directly point out or refer to the objects are called demonstrative pronoun. They are – this, that, these and those. This is my book.

6. 4. Distributive pronouns : Pronouns which refer to persons or things one at a time are called distributive pronouns. They are – ‘each’ ‘either’ and ‘neither’ 5. Interrogative Pronouns : An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question about the noun which it stand for. They are – what, who, whom, which and whose. What does the woman do? 6. Emphatic Pronouns : An emphatic pronoun emphasizes the action of the subject. They are – myself, ourselves, themselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself. Example : I myself completed the work. 7. Reflexive Pronouns : A reflexive pronoun is used when the action of the subject reflects upon itself. Example : I cut myself.

7. Verb A verb is a word that denotes are action or predicates a fact A verb is awordthat states an action, a fact or a happening. Without a verb a sentence cannot be formed. The verb is the most important part in a sentence. Kinds of verbs 1) Principal verbs 2) Auxillary verbs Principal verbs I lift this load Auxiliary verbs I can lift this load Kinds of verbs ‘Be’ verbs Am, is, are, was, were, be, been are the ‘be’ verbs. Have, has, had are the ‘have’ verbs. Transitive verb : A transitive verb is a verb that passes the action of the does(subject) to the object.object Intransitive verb : An intransitive verb is a verb that does not pass the action of the subject to the object Some trees grow very tall.

8. Modal Auxiliaries Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, ought, to, have to, must, need are also called auxiliary verbs.need Adjective Adjective means Additional An adjective is a word that adds to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun 1. Raju is a tall boy (before the noun) 2. Ramu is very lazy(after the noun) Eight different kinds 1. Adjectives of quality /Description adjectiveDescription It shows the kind or quality of a person/thing 2. Adjectives of quantity Show now much of a thing is meant 3. Proper adjectives A proper adjective is formed from a proper – noun

9. 4. Classes Adjectives A class adjective describes the class or category to which its noun belongs 5. Colour adjectives A colour adjective describes the colour of its noun 6. Emphasizing adjectives An emphasizing adjective lays stress on a fact about is noun 7. Precision AdjectivesPrecision A precision adjective is used before the main adjective to make the description previze 8. Adjectives of number Show how many persons or things are meant

10. Kinds of adjectives (1) Adjective of Quality (Descriptive Adjective) – It is used to describe the quality of person or thing. Chennai is a big city. 2) Adjective of Quantity : It shows the quantity of a thing and answers the question ‘how much’? I have got some money. (3) Adjective of Number : It indicates the number of persons or things or their order. It can be classified into two types, namely definite numeral adjective and indefinite numeral adjective.order Definite Numeral Adjectives are used to denote the exact number. (4) Distributive Adjectives : They are used to refer to each one of a number. Either of them can do it.

11. (5) Demonstrative Adjectives : They point out the thing or things. (6) Interrogative Adjectives : Interrogatives adjectives are used to ask questions. (7) Possessive Adjectives : Possessive pronouns function as possessive adjectives. Example : My friend is an intelligent boy.Example Adverb An adverb is a word which gives additional information about a verb. An adverb answers the questions when, how where. It modifies a verb. Kinds of adverbs (i) Adverb of Time : Adverbs of time answer the question ‘when’. (ii) Adverb of Place : Adverbs of place answer the question ‘where’ (iii) Adverb of Manner : Adverbs of manner answers the question ‘how’. (iv) Adverb of Frequency : Adverbs of frequency tell us ‘how often’. Preposition A preposition is a word placed before a noun, pronoun or ‘-ing-form’ to show its relation with another word in the same sentence. (They link nouns and pronouns with other words.) A preposition is also used with a verb. ExampleExample : The cat is under the table.