1. Key Issue #3: Where Does Development Vary by Gender? Using total figures masks gender inequality UN states that gender equality exists in every country to some extent GDI (Gender-related Development Index) – compares women with both sexes combined GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) – measure ability of women to participate in economic & political decision making GDI (measures standard of living of women vs. men) – Similar to HDI (1 economic, 2 social, 1 demographic) – Penalizes large disparities between men & women (Ex. Iran & Mexico have even % of kids enrolled in school but GDI is much higher in Mexico because girls are more likely to be enrolled in school) – Total equality = 1.0 (no countries) – Highest in 2005 – Norway (0.96) – Often higher in Western Europe & North America – Lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa – Often low in Middle East

2. Key Issue #3: Where Does Development Vary by Gender? GDI – Economic Indicator of Gender Differences (Average Income) Average Income – lower in every country for females U.S. in 2010 - $42,800 (male) vs. 34,700 (female) Women make 2/3 male income in MDCs (avg. gap of $12,000) Higher % difference in LDCs – Social Indicators (Education & Literacy) LDCs – women less likely to attend schools (especially high school and beyond) MDCs – 99 girls to 100 boys; LDCs 60 girls to 100 boys Very low in Sub-Saharan Africa & Middle East (fewer than 1/3 of girls attend school) Universally required school attendance in MDCs Latin America & Asia have equal attendance by gender, but lower overall attendance Literacy – MDCs (near equal & very high); Latin America & Asia (near equal, but not as high); Sub-Saharan Africa (low for both, but lower for female) Low education & literacy limits ability of women to participate economically & politically in some parts of the world

3. Key Issue #3: Where Does Development Vary by Gender? GDI – Demographic Indicator (Life Expectancy) MDCs – life expectancy is several years longer for females (6 years in U.S.) LDCs – only 1 -2 years longer for females Lower in LDCs due to hazards of childbearing (poor medical conditions) – Overall, the status of women is improving around the world Gender Empowerment (GEM) – Measures ability of women to participate in improving quality of life – In every country (MDC or LDC), fewer women hold positions of power – GEM calculated using income & professional jobs (economic power) and managerial jobs & elected jobs (political power) – Complete equality = 1.0 (no countries at perfect GEM) – Highest in N. America, Northern Europe, & South Pacific – Lowest in Africa & Asia – Difficult to determine accurately due to limited data in LDCs

4. Key Issue #3: Where Does Development Vary by Gender? Gender Empowerment (GEM) – Economic Indicators (Professional Jobs & Income) Cultural barriers restrict empowerment of women in professional & technical jobs ½ or more of professional/tech workers in N. America & Northern Europe are women Less than ½ in LDCs (where data is available) Share of income is lower in every country (gender wage gap) – Political Indicators (Managerial Jobs & Elected Jobs) 1/3 of managerial jobs held by women in N. America, Northern Europe, & South Pacific Less than ¼ in LDCs where data available Elected positions – no female majority in any country; highest in Northern Europe (about 1/3) About 1 in 5 elected officials are women in other MDCs (15% in U.S. House & Senate) Less than 1 in 10 elected officials are women in LDCs Every country has a lower GEM than GDI – women hold a greater share of resources compared to their power to allocate resources