1. 8/29 Have your prologue outline and homework out on your desk. Quiz has been moved to Thursday, August 30 (tomorrow) 3 freebie questions on the next slide, make sure you write down both the question and all answer choices.

2. 1.Professor Franks argues that children have an innate concept of justice that enables them to make distinctions between fair and unfair rules. This argument is most consistent with the views of: a. Aristotle. b. Socrates. c. John Locke. d. Francis Bacon. 2. The early school of psychology that employed the method of introspection was known as: a. psychiatry. b. behaviorism. c. naturalism. d. structuralism. 3.Debates as to whether alcohol abuse is biologically determined or culturally influenced are most relevant to the issue of: a. nature versus nurture. b. observation versus introspection. c. behavior versus mental processes. d. structuralism versus functionalism.

3. EVERYTHING. “Cheeseburger Bill” Wins in house? -WHY has obesity become an epidemic in America: Is it the lack of willpower, or are the large portions and fatty foods served by fast food restaurants to blame?

4. “Zaniness on Parade in Pasadena” Why are some people like the marchers in the Doo Dah Parade extraverts, whereas others find comfort in quiet conformity? Is this because of genes, biology, or upbringing?

5. “Canada Legalizes Gay Marriage” Why people become straight, gay, or bisexual? What causes some people fear or detest homosexuality?

6. Pakistani Woman Honored What enables some individuals, like Mukhtaran Bibi, to stand up for their rights and the rights of others, even at great personal risk, whereas others stay silent?

7. New Orleans Evacuated Why do people respond in such vastly different ways to a disaster, some resorting to lawlessness, some putting their own lives in jeopardy to save others?

8. Have You Ever Thought About…. Awakened from a nightmare and, with a wave of relief, wondered why you had such a crazy dream? What triggers our bad moods- and good ones? If sheer intelligence explains why some people get richer or more successful? Why a baby finds peekaboo so funny (do they actually think you disappear?)

9. What is Psychology? How is Psychology a science? What do Psychologists do and what are their areas of specialization?

10. What is Psychology? The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. *Behavior is any action that other people can observe or measure. (Also includes automatic body fuctions) *Mental Processes refers to the internal (thoughts, dreams, sensations). Psychologists are also interested in studying people’s EMOTIONS, or feelings. Emotions can affect both behavior and mental processes.

11. Psychology as a Science Psychology is a social science (ex. Anthropology, history, econ, etc) Also has roots in natural science (biology) Scientists seek to observe, describe, explain, predict, and control the events they study. Psychologists have these same goals. They observe and describe behavior and mental processes to better understand them. A better understanding of behavior enables psychologists to explain, predict, and control behavior. Research! Psychologists test ideas through various research methods. Organize their research into theories.

12. What do Psychologists Do? All psychologists share an interest in behavior and believe in the value of scientific research. They also believe that theories about behavior and mental processes should be backed by scientific evidence.

13. Types of Psychologists Clinical (largest group) Counseling Social Experimental Developmental Cognitive Health Personality Environmental Psychometrics Industrial/Organizational Education/school Forensic Sports Consumer

14. Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist vs. Counselor COUNSELORS Master’s degree (MSW or MC) Works with less severe mental health problems Family, relationships, substance abuse, anxiety PSYCHOLOGISTS Masters (2 years) Doctoral (3-5 years) [PhD or PsyD (clinical)] Cannot prescribe drugs PSYCHIATRISTS Medical Doctor M.D. Medical school with internship in Psychiatry Can prescribe drugs

15. Careers in Psychology

16. History of Psychology Psychology is as old as human history. Ancient Greece Roots: Roots of Psychology in Philosophy -Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice, “Know thyself.” Mind is separate from body. -Aristotle, a student of Plato’s, outlined laws of associationism (knowledge is not preexisting, it is learned through experiences). -Hippocrates, Greek Physician who believed the disorders were caused by abnormalities in the brain.

17. History of Psychology Middle Ages -Disorders were signs of possession of demons. -Tests were used to determine whether a person was possessed (ex. Infamous water-float test).

18. The Birth of Modern Science Francis Bacon, one of the founders of modern science (patterns). John Locke-Argues that at birth, the mind is a “blank slate” or a “white paper” on which experiences write. Locke and Bacon helped form modern Empiricism=the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation. Birth of modern psychology in 1800s. Late 1800s (Germany 1879-3 rd floor of Germany’s University in Leipzig) psychological laboratories were established in Europe and the United States.

19. Structuralism Vs. Functionalism Started with William Wundt’s first psychological laboratory (1879) His student, Edward Titchener, explained the concept of introspection (structuralism- Uses introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.) What are the elements (structures) of psychological processes? UNRELIABLE! Then William James wrote The Principles of Psychology (1 st textbook) and discussed functionalism (how organisms adapt to their environment). What are the purposes (functions) of behavior and mental processes?

20. w 20 Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Descartes - like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation Dualism - Born with knowledge - Dissected animals.

21. Psychological Science Develops “Magellans of the Mind” William Wundt (philosopher/physiologist) Ivan Pavlov(Russian Physiologist ) Jean Piaget (swiss biologist ) Sigmund Freud (Austrian Physician)

22. Psychology Develops at many levels Until 1920s there was a focus on inner sensations, images, and feelings. Introspective examination Wundt, Titchener, Freud (emotional responses to childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes affect our behavior) “The Science of Mental Life”

23. Psychoanalysis and Freud Psychoanalysis=emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining behavior. In a nutshell, people believed that most of your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious (battling impulses with what is socially appropriate). Research was not done in a laboratory, but with consultations with patients.

24. “The Scientific Study of Observable Behavior” 1920s-1960s Dismissed introspection Led by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner You can not observe a sensation or thought YOU CAN observe people’s behavior as they respond to different situations.

25. Behaviorism and Reinforcement Behaviorism=scientific study of observable behavior. Psychology must be like a natural science….must be limited to observable, measurable events. Consciousness as a private event that is known only to the individual. Left out the “mental processes” part of the Psychology definition. Reinforcement=B.F. Skinner contributed this concept. When an animal is rewarded for performing an action, it is more likely to perform that action again in the future.

26. Humanistic Psychology 1960s Led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Emphasized the importance of current environmental influences and the importance of meeting our needs for love and acceptance. Did not focus on learned behaviors or childhood memories.

27. Cognitive Revolution Valued ideas developed by earlier psychologist (introspection), but expanded these ideas to explore scientifically the ways we perceive, process, and remember information. Cognitive neuroscience (interaction of thought processes and brain function) has helped with treating disorders like depression.

28. The School of Gestalt Psychology Led by German Psychologists Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler. Gestalt means “shape or form” in German. Based on the idea that perceptions are more than the sum of their parts. They are wholes that give shape, or meaning to the parts. Learning by insight, not by mechanical repetition. This may seem like one picture, but it can be perceived as 3 different faces. Can you find them?

29. Contemporary Perspectives Psychologists today pick and choose from about 7 schools of thought to help you with your problems.

30. Biological (Neuroscience) Perspective How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences Influence of Biology on our behavior. CAT, PET scans can all show different parts of the brain are involved in mental processes. Also interested in hormones and genes on personality traits.

31. Evolutionary Perspective Focuses on Darwinism, Charles Darwin. We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. Those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival. How natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes.

32. Psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) Perspective Stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior. We repress many of our true feelings and are not aware of them. In order to get better, we must bring forward the true feelings we have in our unconscious.

33. Learning (Behavioral Perspective) Emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior. Social Learning Theory= people can change their environments or create new ones. Behavior is learned either from an experience or by observing other people.

34. Behavior Genetics Perspective How much of our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.

35. Cognitive Perspective Emphasizes the role that thoughts play into determining behavior. How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. How did we learn to act to sad or happy events? Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you think. You meet a girl… Hopes are high!!! She rejects you…Harshly! How do you react to the rejection? Some learn get back on the horse And try again. Some learn to give up and live a lonely life of solitude.

36. Social-Cultural Perspective Studies the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socio economic status on behavior and mental processes. Some cultures kiss each other when greeting, some just bow. Lots of research on gender roles in society.

37. 1)Eddy is an 18 year old student who has been in frequent trouble since entering high school due to outbursts of anger towards teachers, his fellow students, and his family. Describe how various psychologists would view the behavior and mental processes concerning Eddy’s anger issue. In your answer indicate both the focus and a specific example from the following psychological perspectives:  Neuroscience  Evolutionary  Behavior Genetics  Psychodynamic  Behavioral  Cognitive  Social-cultural

38. Homework Read p. 9-10 (It will be scanned on moodle site or you can click on the textbook link) -summarize the nature-nurture debate in psychology and describe the principle of natural selection. (Define the two vocabulary words in bold). -Identify the 3 Levels of analysis (study the chart). What three influences feed into behavior or mental processes?

39. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis