1. APES – UNIT 9 GLOBAL IMPACT

2. ACID DEPOSITION *ACID RAIN IS SLIGHLY ACIDIC WITH pH 5.6 – 5.7 because water reacts with the CO2 *note: pH scale is LOGARITHMIC = each whole pH value below 7 is 10X more acidic than the next value

3. ACID RAIN COMPOSITION FORMED FROM SULFUR OXIDES (SO3) AND NITROGEN OXIDES (NO2) MIXED WITH H2O AND O2 SO2 + H2O  H2SO3 (sulfurous acid) H2SO3 + ½ O2  H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) OR NO + ½ O2  NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) 2NO2 + H2O  HNO2 + HNO3 (nitrous acid and nitric acid)

4. ACID RAIN *a result of pollution released from -burning fossil fuels -smoke stacks -vehicle exhausts -wood burning -smelting metals

5. ACID RAIN SIGNIFICANCE 1.causes sink holes due to acid dissolving limestone 2.dissolution= dissolves most building structures 3.affect water sources by increasing acidity known as Ocean Acidification or Lake Acidification 4.affects leaves by damaging covering which disrupts leaf gas exchange 5.causes NUTRIENT LEACHING: metals (lead, zinc, copper, aluminum) in soil react with acid rain adding Hydrogen ions which in turn react with minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium) and prevent them from being absorbed

6. ACID RAIN PREVENTION SWITCH TO FUELS WITH ZERO OR LOW SULFUR USE SMOKE STACK SCRUBBERS USE CATALYTIC CONVERTERS IN CARS REDUCE IT IN WATER WAYS BY ADDING LARGE AMOUNTS OF SODA ASH (LIME WATER) WHICH RAISES ALKALINITY ** CLEAN AIR ACT (1990) = regulates amount of SO2 & Nox that are released form industrial plants which go by the NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=yk8NN4nNgs4 https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=yCMchx6Q9Is

7. GLOBAL WARMING -Caused by Greenhouse gases that absorb infrared radiation which traps the heat and builds up in the atmosphere -Industrial revolution increased levels of greenhouse gases -Greenhouse gases emissions are mostly Anthropogenic (caused by humans)

8. GREENHOUSE GASES and GLOBAL WARMING CO 2 = carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels, cellular respiration, decomposition CCl 4 = carbon tetrachloride from cleaning solvents CFC= chlorofluorocarbons from air conditioners, refrigerants like Freon HCFC= hydroclorofluorocarbons from foam products and insulator materials CH 4 = methane from coal production, natural gas, rice cultivation, trash decomposition N 2 O = nitrous oxide from fertilizers, livestock waste, burning fossil fuels O 3 = ozone from burning fossil fuels

9. GREENHOUSE GASES

10. IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING 1.Acidification= in soil and water which affects organisms growth 2.Changes in weather patterns ( hotter temperature  higher evaporation  higher rainfall  resulting El Nino & La Nina) 3.More erosion due to more rainfall, flooding, droughts 4.Glacier melting  rise in sea level  flooding  decreases salinity concentrations  slows or shuts down Thermohaline Circulation  changes in water temperature 5.Loss in Biodiversity ( food web disruptions, from deaths, from altered migration patterns due to temperature changes)

11. REDUCING CLIMATE CHANGE ***DECREASE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS HOW: *increase car efficiency *use renewable energy sources *stop deforestation and increase reforestation *use less nitrogen based fertilizers *support protocols to reduce greenhouse gas emissions KYOTO PROTOCOL = international agreement linked with the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) to reduce the greenhouse gas concentration globally. The main feature of the Kyoto protocol was to set greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for 38 countries. A heavier target was set for developed countries. The U.S. pulled out of the Kyoto Protocol. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftmjO _IjzD8

12. LANDFILLS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mA608GJ-EzM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mA608GJ-EzM TRASH LAYERS

13. LANDFILL REGULATIONS *landfills must not be near geological faults, wetlands, flood plains *landfills must be positioned at least six feet above water table *landfill site must consist of a hole that is lined with geo-membranes or plastic sheets that are reinforced with 2 ft of clay on bottom and sides *landfill waste must be covered with soil to control animal infestation *LEACHATE= the decomposed liquid material that percolates to the bottom of landfill must be piped to the top of the site and collected in leachate ponds ( the methane gas can be used as fuel or burned)

14. LOVE CANAL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqWaaBpNUWs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqWaaBpNUWs *canal near Niagara Falls N.Y. that originally was built to produce power  became landfill for hazardous waste  was covered  became a residential community  illnesses occur  lawsuits against government *as a result: RCRA (Resource Conservation & Recovery Act) CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation Liability Act) also known as the “Superfund” Act

15. ***REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE**** PRIMARY RECYCLING= reusing material to make the same product EX. plastic & aluminum SECONDARY RECYCLING= reusing material to make a new product EX. old tires for carpet COMPOSTING: using scraps of food and organic materials in solid waste in a decomposition process that makes organic fertilizer https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=gWNzL Y5Sjyg PAPER, ALUMINUM, PLASTIC, GLASS vegetable peelings, fruit waste, grass cuttings,

16. What is a GMO? "genetically modified organism (GMO)" defines an organism in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination Typically plant modifications.

17. USDA Approval for GM food crops Corn Soy Papaya alphalfa Canola Potato Chicory Rice Squash Sugarbeet Tomatoes Which foods contain GM product?

18. Why have GM crops? Growing human population Loss of farmable land Remediation of soil Enrich nutrient content Why have GM crops?

19. Pest Resistance Herbicide Tolerance Viral Resistance Drought Resistance Increased Nutritional Value Improved Fruit Altered Ripening Desirable Traits

20. Creation of super pests Creation of super weeds Loss of biodiversity Biotechnology companies control agriculture Health concerns ---allergy to protein produced Opponents argue

21. 1.Choose desirable trait 2.Clone the gene 3.Engineer the gene 4.Transform gene into plant 5.Backcross GM plant into high yield crops Method for Genetic Modification of Crops

22. Transform gene into plant Isolate plant cells Grow undifferentiated callus Transform cells Select cells Redifferentiate callus Grow transgenic plant

23. Pest Resistance: Bt crops  Bacillus thuringiensis protein is a delta endotoxin which kills corn borers HerbicideTolerance: Round Up Ready crops  Agrobacterium tumifaciens protein with resistance to Round Up herbicide (glyphosate) Bacillus thuringiensis Delta endotoxin crystal RESISTANT CROPS

24. FISHERY – OCEAN RESOURCE Fishery: industry devoted to catching fish (about 125 million tons of fish are harvested each year – mostly in China) HOW? 1.DRIFTNETS = net floats through water, catches everything in path 2.LONGLINING= long lines with baited hooks 3.BOTTOM TRAWLING= heavy nets scrape ocean floor BY CATCH= refers to the other organisms caught that are NOT target fish EX. Dolphins of Tuna catch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=767slG-Nlhk

25. OVERFISHING *Overfishing has depleted 50 % of major fish stocks SOLUTION: AQUACULTURE or FISH FARMING raising fish in captivity for harvest EX. Salmon & shrimp PROBLEM: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE *some fish are genetically modified *transmission of new diseases https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUrGKVJcd9M

26. INVASIVE/ NON-NATIVE SPECIES *species transported to any area where they do NOT naturally live EX: from Marine Ballast *they become pests and crowd out native organisms *they have no natural predators *they out compete native organisms for space and food *they alter the ecological processes of that habitat https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1090CKi_Lzo

27. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY The loss of plant and animal biodiversity is a direct result of habitat destruction, overharvesting, climate change, and pollution Organisms can cope with habitat destruction by migration, adaptation, and acclimatization. *Migration depends on the organism’s ability to migrate and the availability of a new habitat. * Adaptation (ability to survive) depends on the population size and genetic variability *Acclimatization is the ability to adjust to environmental changes on a population level. It depends on the magnitude and rate of degradation as well as the physiological limitations of the species. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCkDxD0DV0Q

28. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity is important because it provides food, medicines, and energy. It also allows for the continuation of ecosystem services like: climate stabilization, pollination, decomposition. How to PROTECT BIODIVERSITY 1. establish breeding programs and reintroduce species 2. protect habitats and create sanctuaries 3. reduce non-native species 4. update laws to protect endangered species https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWvWf01ObdY

29. LAWS SUPPORTING BIODIVERSITY *MULTIPLE-USE ACT (1960) – manages national forests *CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora) (1963)- international agreement between governments to regulate trade of animals & plants *ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT (1973) - to provide conservation programs for endangered species and habitats *ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION ACT (1990) – to develop environmental education programs ONCE WE ESTABLISH THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF A SPECIES, WE CAN ESTABLISH A PLAND TO SAVE IT

30. SUSTAINABILITY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTamnlXbgqc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5r4loXPyx8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTamnlXbgqchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5r4loXPyx8 SUSTAINABILITY= deals with the aspects of human society and its role in preserving biodiversity and the environment. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS – a technique for deciding whether to make a change or not by: 1 st -weighing the benefits of how to use a piece of land/waterway EX: jobs, lumber 2 nd -against the cost of using that piece of land/waterway EX: loss of space, CO2, biodiversity https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=1VAJOG nWae8 https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=7tdKkeNClPE