1. The French Revolution (In 4 Phases) By: ME The French Revolution (In Four Phases) by: Ryan.

2. Opening Activity What justifies a revolution? What justifies a revolution? Revolution - The Beatles - YouTube Revolution - The Beatles - YouTube Revolution - The Beatles - YouTube Revolution - The Beatles - YouTube

3. Preconditions to Revolution Failing government in great debt Failing government in great debt Raised taxes on the poor Raised taxes on the poor Increased price of bread and poor harvests led to famine Increased price of bread and poor harvests led to famine Print culture spreading Enlightenment ideals Print culture spreading Enlightenment ideals Estates General hadn’t been called since 1608 Estates General hadn’t been called since 1608 Struggle for power between clergy, nobles, and commoners Struggle for power between clergy, nobles, and commoners

4. Estates General (made of 3 Estates) First Estate was clergy, 1-2% of the population First Estate was clergy, 1-2% of the population Second Estate was nobility, also 1-2% of the population Second Estate was nobility, also 1-2% of the population Third Estate was everybody else, making up 98% of the population Third Estate was everybody else, making up 98% of the population

5. Estates General Third Estate didn’t want the aristocracy in the first two Estates to have absolute rule Third Estate didn’t want the aristocracy in the first two Estates to have absolute rule Aristocracy wanted each Estate to have one vote, but then the first two Estates would simply just outvote the Third Aristocracy wanted each Estate to have one vote, but then the first two Estates would simply just outvote the Third As a solution, the Third Estate elected twice as many representatives as the first two, known as “Doubling the Third” As a solution, the Third Estate elected twice as many representatives as the first two, known as “Doubling the Third”

6. Creation of the National Assembly Representatives from each Estate brought their Cahiers de Doleances, or list of grievances Representatives from each Estate brought their Cahiers de Doleances, or list of grievances The National Assembly came together when the Third Estate invited both the Clergy and Nobles to organize a new legislative body on June 1, 1789. The National Assembly came together when the Third Estate invited both the Clergy and Nobles to organize a new legislative body on June 1, 1789.

7. The Tennis Court Oath To reassert authority in the proceedings, Louis XVI closed the room where the National Assembly had been meeting. To reassert authority in the proceedings, Louis XVI closed the room where the National Assembly had been meeting. The Third Estate went to a nearby indoor tennis court and pledged to keep meeting until France had a new Constitution. “Tennis Court Oath” The Third Estate went to a nearby indoor tennis court and pledged to keep meeting until France had a new Constitution. “Tennis Court Oath”

8. The Fall of the Bastille Tensions mounted as Louis’ royal army of 12,000 occupied the outskirts of Paris and bread prices skyrocketed Tensions mounted as Louis’ royal army of 12,000 occupied the outskirts of Paris and bread prices skyrocketed On July 14 th, after Necker was dismissed, the Paris mob marched down to the Bastille prison to collect more firearms in response to the threat On July 14 th, after Necker was dismissed, the Paris mob marched down to the Bastille prison to collect more firearms in response to the threat Fighting broke out between the troops and the people, and the mob stormed the fortress, sparking the Revolution Fighting broke out between the troops and the people, and the mob stormed the fortress, sparking the Revolution

9. The Great Fear and the Night of August 4 th (Moderate Phase 1789- 1792) Peasants rejected serfdom Peasants rejected serfdom Rumors spread that troops in the countryside were going to seize farmers’ land Rumors spread that troops in the countryside were going to seize farmers’ land Refused to pay taxes and burned legal documents Refused to pay taxes and burned legal documents Clerics and Aristocrats gave up spot holdings and land Clerics and Aristocrats gave up spot holdings and land Abolished the sale of positions in office, and granted equal rights to all Abolished the sale of positions in office, and granted equal rights to all

10. The Declaration of the rights of man and citizen Issued on August 27 th, 1789 drawing on Enlightenment ideals Issued on August 27 th, 1789 drawing on Enlightenment ideals Proclaimed that all men were “born and remain free and equal in rights” Proclaimed that all men were “born and remain free and equal in rights” Natural rights were liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression, Natural rights were liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression, Government existed to protect those rights Government existed to protect those rights

11. The Parisian March on Versailles Caused from lack of bread and suspicions of the crown Caused from lack of bread and suspicions of the crown 7000 heavily armed women raided Versailles demanding more bread 7000 heavily armed women raided Versailles demanding more bread King and family was forced to return to Paris with mob, to be imprisoned at the Tuileries palace King and family was forced to return to Paris with mob, to be imprisoned at the Tuileries palace

12. The King’s attempt to escape On the night of June 20 th, 1791, Louis and his family attempted to flee the country disguised as servants On the night of June 20 th, 1791, Louis and his family attempted to flee the country disguised as servants Louis was recognized in Varennes and was returned to Paris under military watch Louis was recognized in Varennes and was returned to Paris under military watch Created more public tension, radicals like Marat in his “L’Ami Du Peuple” advocated that the King of France be executed Created more public tension, radicals like Marat in his “L’Ami Du Peuple” advocated that the King of France be executed

13. France at War National Assembly declared war with Austria on April 20 th, 1792 National Assembly declared war with Austria on April 20 th, 1792 War effort went poorly, Duke of Brunswick threatened to destroy Paris if royal family was harmed, increasing distrust for King War effort went poorly, Duke of Brunswick threatened to destroy Paris if royal family was harmed, increasing distrust for King Revolutionaries created the Paris Commune Revolutionaries created the Paris Commune On August 10 th, 1792 a large mob invaded the Tuileries palace forcing Louis and his family to take refuge in the Legislative Assembly On August 10 th, 1792 a large mob invaded the Tuileries palace forcing Louis and his family to take refuge in the Legislative Assembly Louis lost all his authority and powers as king Louis lost all his authority and powers as king

14. The September Massacres Paris Commune slaughtered 1,200 criminals in city jails Paris Commune slaughtered 1,200 criminals in city jails Assumed they were counterrevolutionaries Assumed they were counterrevolutionaries Created more hostility towards revolutionary government Created more hostility towards revolutionary government Revolution was out of control Revolution was out of control

15. Execution of Louis XVI Put on trail by the National Convention in December of 1792 Put on trail by the National Convention in December of 1792 Overwhelming majority convicted the King of France for conspiring against the liberty of the people and the security of the state Overwhelming majority convicted the King of France for conspiring against the liberty of the people and the security of the state Beheaded by the infamous guillotine on January 21 st, 1793 Beheaded by the infamous guillotine on January 21 st, 1793

16. Radical Phase (1793-1794) National Convention created the Committee of Public Safety led by Maximilein Robespierre to calm things down National Convention created the Committee of Public Safety led by Maximilein Robespierre to calm things down Drastic actions were taken by the Committee of Public Safety to protect the Revolution Drastic actions were taken by the Committee of Public Safety to protect the Revolution Sentenced around 30,000 to the guillotine who he believed stood in the way of a “republic of virtue” Sentenced around 30,000 to the guillotine who he believed stood in the way of a “republic of virtue” Commonly known as “Reign of Terror” Commonly known as “Reign of Terror”

17. Thermidorian Reaction (1795- 1799) In 1794, the public back lash led to the arrest and execution of Robespierre In 1794, the public back lash led to the arrest and execution of Robespierre Began the Thermidorian Reaction which halted the bloodshed Began the Thermidorian Reaction which halted the bloodshed Bourgeoisie returned and established the National Convention Bourgeoisie returned and established the National Convention Massive inflation caused by the convention invoked public rioting Massive inflation caused by the convention invoked public rioting Created the First Consulate to solve these problems Created the First Consulate to solve these problems

18. Napoleon Bonaparte Phase (1799- 1804) Born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. Born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. French artillery officer by age 16 French artillery officer by age 16 Favored the revolution as a fiery Jacobin Favored the revolution as a fiery Jacobin Command in Italy won by extraordinary military talent, incredible leader Command in Italy won by extraordinary military talent, incredible leader Conquered all of Italy and Switzerland, and successfully put a dent in Austrian, Sardinian, and British armies. Conquered all of Italy and Switzerland, and successfully put a dent in Austrian, Sardinian, and British armies.

19. First Consulate Created during Thermidorian Reaction to form a strong central government Created during Thermidorian Reaction to form a strong central government Ended the Revolution in France Ended the Revolution in France Achieved many of the Revolution goals Achieved many of the Revolution goals Restored peace and order at home Restored peace and order at home Napoleon used this to come to power in France by becoming First Consul of the Republic Napoleon used this to come to power in France by becoming First Consul of the Republic

20. Napoleon’s Empire Crowned himself Emperor in 1804 Crowned himself Emperor in 1804 Led an elite army and conquered most of Europe Led an elite army and conquered most of Europe Imposed the Napoleonic Code and Continental System on his empire Imposed the Napoleonic Code and Continental System on his empire The territories he conquered responded with great feelings of nationalism The territories he conquered responded with great feelings of nationalism

21. The Napoleonic Code A code of laws that abolished serfdom and any internal struggles France faced A code of laws that abolished serfdom and any internal struggles France faced Replaced confusing French law that varied from region to region Replaced confusing French law that varied from region to region Limited opportunities to women that had previously protected their interests Limited opportunities to women that had previously protected their interests Exposed throughout Napoleon’s empire giving Europe a taste for freedom Exposed throughout Napoleon’s empire giving Europe a taste for freedom

22. The Downfall of Napoleon Czar Alexander I withdrew Russia from the Continental System, and Napoleon sought revenge Czar Alexander I withdrew Russia from the Continental System, and Napoleon sought revenge In 1812, Napoleon marched his ill prepared troops through the harsh Russian winter In 1812, Napoleon marched his ill prepared troops through the harsh Russian winter Instead of fighting directly, the Russians burnt their country to the ground Instead of fighting directly, the Russians burnt their country to the ground Napoleon’s army of 600,000 was reduced to 100,000 from the brutal conditions Napoleon’s army of 600,000 was reduced to 100,000 from the brutal conditions Napoleon rushed back to Paris, only to be exiled to the island of Elba in 1814 Napoleon rushed back to Paris, only to be exiled to the island of Elba in 1814

23. A Last Hurrah Napoleon plotted his escape from the island of Elba to sneak back into France and take power Napoleon plotted his escape from the island of Elba to sneak back into France and take power The French military was still royal to their former Emperor, and he raised an army in a period known as the Hundred Days The French military was still royal to their former Emperor, and he raised an army in a period known as the Hundred Days Napoleon crossed the Alps and whenever he met resistance his army simply grew bigger Napoleon crossed the Alps and whenever he met resistance his army simply grew bigger In June of 1815, Napoleon’s elite army was defeated at Waterloo by the Quadruple Alliance of Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria In June of 1815, Napoleon’s elite army was defeated at Waterloo by the Quadruple Alliance of Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena, where he passed away in 1819 Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena, where he passed away in 1819

24. Impact Napoleonic Code gave many European countries a taste of freedom from feudal society which would later cause many future revolutions Napoleonic Code gave many European countries a taste of freedom from feudal society which would later cause many future revolutions Napoleon’s conquered territories created a great passion for nationalism which influenced the shape of the map today Napoleon’s conquered territories created a great passion for nationalism which influenced the shape of the map today

25. Closing Activity Which revolution was more influential, the French Revolution or the American Revolution? Which revolution was more influential, the French Revolution or the American Revolution?